{"id":1794,"date":"2025-07-14T03:48:26","date_gmt":"2025-07-14T03:48:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/?p=1794"},"modified":"2025-07-15T13:04:17","modified_gmt":"2025-07-15T13:04:17","slug":"the-essential-guide-to-three-way-catalytic-converters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/the-essential-guide-to-three-way-catalytic-converters\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-introduction-\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 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\u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-chapter-1-the-evolution-from-two-way-to-three-way-converters-\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629 (HC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NOx). \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-the-comprehensive-solution-the-advent-of-the-three-way-converter-\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644: \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629. \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b &#034;\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a&#034; \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0641\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0637\u0631\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0669\u0667\u0667 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0669\u0668\u0661\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0645\u064f\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062f\u0645\u062c\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 - \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 - \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 &#034;\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a&#034;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-comparison-two-way-vs-three-way-catalytic-converters-\"><strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a. \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a (HC)<\/td><td>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a (HC)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NOx)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Pt)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Pd)<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Pt)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Pd)\u060c&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Rh)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td><td>\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 CO \u0625\u0644\u0649 CO\u2082 \u0648HC \u0625\u0644\u0649 CO\u2082 + H\u2082O<\/td><td>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629&nbsp;<strong>\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/strong>&nbsp;\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 NOx \u0625\u0644\u0649 N\u2082<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0639\u0641\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646\u061b \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0644<\/td><td>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-chapter-2-the-core-chemistry-of-a-three-way-catalytic-converter-\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 &#034;\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a&#034; \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-the-reduction-reaction-neutralizing-nitrogen-oxides-nox-\"><strong>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644: \u062a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NOx)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NOx). \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Rh) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0641\u0636\u0651\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (N\u2082) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a:<\/strong>&nbsp;2NOx \u2192 xO\u2082 + N\u2082<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-the-oxidation-reaction-cleaning-up-co-and-hc-\"><strong>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629: \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629 (HC). \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Pt) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Pd) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646:<\/strong>&nbsp;2CO + O\u2082 \u2192 2CO\u2082<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646:<\/strong>&nbsp;C\u2093H\u2082\u2093\u208a\u2082 + [(3x+1)\/2]O\u2082 \u2192 xCO\u2082 + (x+1)H\u2082O<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645 (CO\u2082) \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 (H\u2082O).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-summary-of-chemical-transformations-\"><strong>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/th><th>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644<\/th><th>\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0644<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/td><td>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/td><td>\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Rh)<\/td><td>\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/td><td>\u0646\u2082<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/td><td>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/td><td>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Pt)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Pd)<\/td><td>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/td><td>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0625\u062a\u0634 \u0633\u064a<\/td><td>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Pt)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Pd)<\/td><td>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/td><td>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-chapter-3-anatomy-of-a-three-way-catalytic-converter-\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-the-substrate-a-foundation-of-maximum-surface-area-\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629: \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0644. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645. \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (CPSI). \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 CPSI \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>&nbsp;\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 1200 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (2200 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a:<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>&nbsp;\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629:<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-the-washcoat-increasing-the-reactive-surface-\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a: \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0646 &#034;\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u0633\u0644&#034;. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Al\u2082O\u2083)\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a. \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0648\u064f\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-the-precious-metals-the-catalytic-powerhouse-\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646:&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Pt) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Pd) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Rh)<\/strong>. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u0635\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Pt)<\/strong>&nbsp;\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 CO \u0648HC.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Pd)<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Rh)<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635. \u063a\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 (\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 &#034;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631&#034;) \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-chapter-4-the-critical-conditions-for-optimal-performance-\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647: \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644. \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-the-stoichiometric-air-fuel-ratio-a-delicate-balance-\"><strong>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629: \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 14.7 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629\u064b (14.7:1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 (\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f)<\/strong>\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 CO \u0648HC \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0645 (\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621)<\/strong>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 NOx\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a NOx \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&#034;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629&#034; \u0644\u0640&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 (\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a O2) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 (ECU)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-the-light-off-temperature-the-need-for-heat-\"><strong>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 &#034;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621&#034;\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 250 \u0648300 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 (482 \u0625\u0644\u0649 572 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a). \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 &#034;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f&#034;. \u0639\u0646\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 (CCC):<\/strong>&nbsp;\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643. \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 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