{"id":3360,"date":"2025-08-07T07:29:50","date_gmt":"2025-08-07T07:29:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/?p=3360"},"modified":"2025-08-07T07:29:55","modified_gmt":"2025-08-07T07:29:55","slug":"how-exhaust-gas-affects-your-catalytic-converter-the-science-explained","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/how-exhaust-gas-affects-your-catalytic-converter-the-science-explained\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632: \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 - \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629 (HC) \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO) \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NOx) - \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHk06_xvdVropsfFSnQpAbUF9CJr8HHXp8r_-15Hpml5LH0Z6eVe19M_9-fOaWB1QNA3YWwDsP136MJBPeYhS4vHyczN7zIh6FQpZur1xIOMhKLAlWiRWNC9ExVubsVzFclAQupvAm3oLF63zs=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10<\/a>\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0633\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062a) \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGeNK3ggXI2qrslNPMIiiZqlvIYEKJDu9TUHAZkfwq3HvQ18N42wm-_aag2PXmjHGZz8IQ4hVkqkNGDkP9NMQLkJ1VCfiQtR7ToW4BUkGvC6lJY_VMYcEZL-TXftXMK4h4EMWkeylh4o1WcYuif0QWUnaCP9hQbZIJDPDiss9rQETRGVD98myWOq87MrdnZwPXVBQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">37<\/a>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 (\u03b3-Al2O3)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 (SiO2)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (TiO2)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u062f (CeO2)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 (ZrO2)\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGEte-WvWmglQ_rROO7A783Mr7ihOHb9l1vG8AuXpIXAu5lhPd_h7xtWCRnV8GdwcL9hzdzfsB5rvmTao0YoesnRSmHRPpISRwuCW9phGl9eEB1KcfJfmIEh02GPHAaJFGX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">40<\/a>\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 20 \u0625\u0644\u0649 40 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 100 \u062c\u0645\/\u062f\u0633\u064533 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 200 cpsi (\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629) \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 200 \u062c\u0645\/\u062f\u0633\u064533 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 400 cpsi&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF3yO-SpOAVaxJ2cJyaIafJW3z9RaMGoHKW7VcP38KYN_aDZhwbAXdxn1iQ8xIiVq1WfJBmrrorRHlEejl0Hj40g-sYnj8uUPtqAvzfvl_10ZiJpbntB7jngDLH_I3vgJg=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">57<\/a>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGEte-WvWmglQ_rROO7A783Mr7ihOHb9l1vG8AuXpIXAu5lhPd_h7xtWCRnV8GdwcL9hzdzfsB5rvmTao0YoesnRSmHRPpISRwuCW9phGl9eEB1KcfJfmIEh02GPHAaJFGX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">37<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHk06_xvdVropsfFSnQpAbUF9CJr8HHXp8r_-15Hpml5LH0Z6eVe19M_9-fOaWB1QNA3YWwDsP136MJBPeYhS4vHyczN7zIh6FQpZur1xIOMhKLAlWiRWNC9ExVubsVzFclAQupvAm3oLF63zs=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10<\/a>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Pt) \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Pd) \u0643\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a (TWCs)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 TWCs \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f: \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NOx) \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629 (HC)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFMPIt0iunECzKVpeB2j7YA_QiDIoLpxoSExkbcMw1QU6zQBNHCW2lAybTzr31AU6lWVIsNVBHmQEzxzA4y-UCoyk5ZOg_k2Nx04EzeoBUokoTTTX8F-Crfr2GJSis3c_tPY3VrfaxhN5q5VmiQ3vacwC3PSA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">4<\/a>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f (A\/F) (\u03bb = 1)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 14.6 \u0625\u0644\u0649 14.8 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHk06_xvdVropsfFSnQpAbUF9CJr8HHXp8r_-15Hpml5LH0Z6eVe19M_9-fOaWB1QNA3YWwDsP136MJBPeYhS4vHyczN7zIh6FQpZur1xIOMhKLAlWiRWNC9ExVubsVzFclAQupvAm3oLF63zs=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">5<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a TWCs \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Pt)<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Pd)<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFuIJwlfxvCOgvuJNZpQSgS00VNRs4Hk39eg0ZvEvvbx--iCEP22apzBfsyovQBx-85wBc9IxMvO9UlL3sM9JDhNpTqmYtkNFUj5TxthSaVQ1YUV8zNxwMHpGGy_CtkpX_Oxg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 (C3H8)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 (C3H6)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 (CH4)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFuIJwlfxvCOgvuJNZpQSgS00VNRs4Hk39eg0ZvEvvbx--iCEP22apzBfsyovQBx-85wBc9IxMvO9UlL3sM9JDhNpTqmYtkNFUj5TxthSaVQ1YUV8zNxwMHpGGy_CtkpX_Oxg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645\/\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645\/\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 105 \u0625\u0644\u0649 125 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0644\/\u0645\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFuIJwlfxvCOgvuJNZpQSgS00VNRs4Hk39eg0ZvEvvbx--iCEP22apzBfsyovQBx-85wBc9IxMvO9UlL3sM9JDhNpTqmYtkNFUj5TxthSaVQ1YUV8zNxwMHpGGy_CtkpX_Oxg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Rh)<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFuIJwlfxvCOgvuJNZpQSgS00VNRs4Hk39eg0ZvEvvbx--iCEP22apzBfsyovQBx-85wBc9IxMvO9UlL3sM9JDhNpTqmYtkNFUj5TxthSaVQ1YUV8zNxwMHpGGy_CtkpX_Oxg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>. \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 NO \u0641\u064a NO\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 N2\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF8OqY0eqkOK9hM7yxDDzIEvRevKyDiLOiEOeJmqTQqozXJRc6vmYOQ65kLzpvRzk5mpD00LS9gNRXxq3e9aIvdIeD01qMsgLnyJqvlZtjx-fcLHfGgqLDqysqYvm99TxQu2gfbOgQW6-ZOXbvAqQlIeHDm0gNBuEzIP1jwxCO3EVYt_oOkvsmdkw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a TWC \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646:<\/strong>\u00a02NO + 2CO \u2192 N\u2082 + 2CO\u2082\u200b\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFMPIt0iunECzKVpeB2j7YA_QiDIoLpxoSExkbcMw1QU6zQBNHCW2lAybTzr31AU6lWVIsNVBHmQEzxzA4y-UCoyk5ZOg_k2Nx04EzeoBUokoTTTX8F-Crfr2GJSis3c_tPY3VrfaxhN5q5VmiQ3vacwC3PSA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646:<\/strong>\u00a02CO + O\u2082 \u2192 2CO\u2082\u200b\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFMPIt0iunECzKVpeB2j7YA_QiDIoLpxoSExkbcMw1QU6zQBNHCW2lAybTzr31AU6lWVIsNVBHmQEzxzA4y-UCoyk5ZOg_k2Nx04EzeoBUokoTTTX8F-Crfr2GJSis3c_tPY3VrfaxhN5q5VmiQ3vacwC3PSA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646:<\/strong>\u00a02C\u2082H\u2086 + 7O\u2082 \u2192 4CO\u2082 + 6H\u2082O\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFMPIt0iunECzKVpeB2j7YA_QiDIoLpxoSExkbcMw1QU6zQBNHCW2lAybTzr31AU6lWVIsNVBHmQEzxzA4y-UCoyk5ZOg_k2Nx04EzeoBUokoTTTX8F-Crfr2GJSis3c_tPY3VrfaxhN5q5VmiQ3vacwC3PSA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 (CeO2) \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0645\u0646 CeO2 \u0648ZrO2\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 (OSC).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFuIJwlfxvCOgvuJNZpQSgS00VNRs4Hk39eg0ZvEvvbx--iCEP22apzBfsyovQBx-85wBc9IxMvO9UlL3sM9JDhNpTqmYtkNFUj5TxthSaVQ1YUV8zNxwMHpGGy_CtkpX_Oxg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u062f &#034;\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632&#034; \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGN28YV0D4WOJLXg_qnEnhc3fYKboQtXpk3fdI0eijse1IExswqHt_9WngydjBALwFUQsmwbkbZ05-CQpnH0BzqWN-weD6tQWPj4PNk4dI-RNLFiljYMP_6xLsJ4mbvW9XUoZwb5Q74S-Bf0Yn22GAQGOJIU7XblPYEm87ARCXgB9FosQaTtWXj7JDw90PvRg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">5<\/a>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Monolithos Catalysts &amp; Recycling Ltd. \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 PROMETHEUS\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632 TWC \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639 OSC \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFuIJwlfxvCOgvuJNZpQSgS00VNRs4Hk39eg0ZvEvvbx--iCEP22apzBfsyovQBx-85wBc9IxMvO9UlL3sM9JDhNpTqmYtkNFUj5TxthSaVQ1YUV8zNxwMHpGGy_CtkpX_Oxg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0662.\u0663. \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644\/\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 (\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 (DOCs):<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 (SOF) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 (NO) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NO2).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHk06_xvdVropsfFSnQpAbUF9CJr8HHXp8r_-15Hpml5LH0Z6eVe19M_9-fOaWB1QNA3YWwDsP136MJBPeYhS4vHyczN7zIh6FQpZur1xIOMhKLAlWiRWNC9ExVubsVzFclAQupvAm3oLF63zs=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10<\/a>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 (DPFs):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 (DPFs) \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f) \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644: \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0651 \u0634\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0634\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0639\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHe-O3qjRYc4JaYeXSR5oC_2WFJN-6bJZho1CoDkjTfM81tQulFf2d8PaZkl_BdRn02jgJ4alcXO2zHZD_pRi-s2m6kGihiopanswvTYsS_5-GCspXXCjuLERxH1-dsq1JgrvIDEU7VKpzznl2MiFKdXskVfksdnAn9YPn8XN22MJwZYkaj_FA7SVtIeBj9o7_MHJb9kirKX35Q6rZscLKmJcwg0DLvNrmqYWFi9fSKrFe3sOQywVmzbGxifb21QMf9J5vpS1NQ5hAhnC5pj-GsFBsWrkVzzldXad9Ll5ZKaEajywXbod1kFhTLrEHPCFmnEHTIFseKZErK22LAE0M-ozoPuA0Psw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">28<\/a>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0639\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 20-50 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHe-O3qjRYc4JaYeXSR5oC_2WFJN-6bJZho1CoDkjTfM81tQulFf2d8PaZkl_BdRn02jgJ4alcXO2zHZD_pRi-s2m6kGihiopanswvTYsS_5-GCspXXCjuLERxH1-dsq1JgrvIDEU7VKpzznl2MiFKdXskVfksdnAn9YPn8XN22MJwZYkaj_FA7SVtIeBj9o7_MHJb9kirKX35Q6rZscLKmJcwg0DLvNrmqYWFi9fSKrFe3sOQywVmzbGxifb21QMf9J5vpS1NQ5hAhnC5pj-GsFBsWrkVzzldXad9Ll5ZKaEajywXbod1kFhTLrEHPCFmnEHTIFseKZErK22LAE0M-ozoPuA0Psw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">28<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a (SCR):<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c NH3)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632. \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 N2 \u0648H2O. \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEaHUEJqjvPO8kjI_foKPeQUnW7rL5OhEvWgOuESlr6SyXF_O2DSOqkZBHpogb67DACswTXNKGM_XHw1C3b9bz6vy1if5C3eCDqk9Pe7eGUJPlKnB4DueNOiMGEhsbi9xdd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">48<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGRvwjjt4FOWzVlLlGXRucCl-c6tbAYTDUQ4v119tMT-zFAmOwZkXvYXS1Kg1l9NvIn6wVJIN5COuqX6CG56NRvAIpiKVmIDTyUxMumW_Ecv-lXp_E_85DKOt-3w3Mi7pgTfpMf9wM4Zxmeuuj5Zj4-tJXq8w7I_RcvgX5yf4i7aK-YJJQS9fPNFh7TXEj89otPX8n6p_or7ppcLhaTBT225HzZMVrUP5eRZZdTo_yAoBg=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">38<\/a>. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEZi2fkgnTk03HUWsGtcpyPtxIo6S_kuzu_lCQNO3CWYGoyj_DhmNiulPUcclE8Vrd2gWfeEgG_oGz5aRieHqEM4PAwHcoYN5g0dxGfkkKb-4E5XGIlwj3p4N4XJ8AfP_CKt16eJ7Lf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">38<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645) \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629 (HCs):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NOx):<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 NO \u0648NO2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGHx5Hf1LQywTDys5Q2bwDZV68p7uIX23og3AvoQEw0iYenS7zZv5wn9abcS057CdfMH_qzQGzJW7KM0SJUoUObMxGhquTJoll6r0sp4QKoMe530n0JoVE2YppPmn5u6Tz8G0srjhArCfe32A==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">6<\/a>. \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGHx5Hf1LQywTDys5Q2bwDZV68p7uIX23og3AvoQEw0iYenS7zZv5wn9abcS057CdfMH_qzQGzJW7KM0SJUoUObMxGhquTJoll6r0sp4QKoMe530n0JoVE2YppPmn5u6Tz8G0srjhArCfe32A==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">6<\/a>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644\u0629&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFqt4OssDNC2aXAhiscgaCXjygwYPVfz3YCDrFkFeHP-F7neOqvHj3AvjPQXltmQM9jn70NDNC9GHjppnjmxosHt7XJ3gCfLKECaMJmJIpdhKS2mdV68gF2uVrsqwi_Z7qkclUSVL4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">8<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 (Pb):<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635. \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u063a\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">6<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHk06_xvdVropsfFSnQpAbUF9CJr8HHXp8r_-15Hpml5LH0Z6eVe19M_9-fOaWB1QNA3YWwDsP136MJBPeYhS4vHyczN7zIh6FQpZur1xIOMhKLAlWiRWNC9ExVubsVzFclAQupvAm3oLF63zs=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10<\/a>. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 0.5% \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 50%\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a (S):<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a (SO2 \u0648SO3 \u0648H2S \u0648\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Pd).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 SO2 \u0625\u0644\u0649 SO3 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a (575 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646) \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a (40 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 (P):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062b\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 (ZDDP)\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645) \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHHMsM7meIWBhC74MetLuX5107_WvhJCHTVPEmePgWj87woC6VGhoR54ftqUjLRrTvOKdg4W9c_qCvuCx6YoloKxUCc7wRW9LlZ4BFt-qm4ghUFwmHL34YrVG1Imp0BBW00i5-TPZXI7IJYZLoxfggGhenh8yOgJXNPlqFAnGjiPnNo6NQkcJP5ubK6FlcywBmkF71mmG_U5CegLWGVtg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Al2O3 \u0648CeO2\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHHMsM7meIWBhC74MetLuX5107_WvhJCHTVPEmePgWj87woC6VGhoR54ftqUjLRrTvOKdg4W9c_qCvuCx6YoloKxUCc7wRW9LlZ4BFt-qm4ghUFwmHL34YrVG1Imp0BBW00i5-TPZXI7IJYZLoxfggGhenh8yOgJXNPlqFAnGjiPnNo6NQkcJP5ubK6FlcywBmkF71mmG_U5CegLWGVtg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">11<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 (Zn):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 ZDDP\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG1xKlW-N9mWt1Bp55yjntJ_44RS9f_5vcqLtG5e8_OaJog6-0R-IBFp-gp5OiOQv_JIOmXvru2J3V6BVJq9q9H2zg5G5N4YqfpOKXE4b7tOD37XeTsiYnY5FM_Rb_mpW19YSaVkIw=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 (Si):<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b (\u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 (SiO2) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\/\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGEte-WvWmglQ_rROO7A783Mr7ihOHb9l1vG8AuXpIXAu5lhPd_h7xtWCRnV8GdwcL9hzdzfsB5rvmTao0YoesnRSmHRPpISRwuCW9phGl9eEB1KcfJfmIEh02GPHAaJFGX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">40<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.3. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 (CeO2) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627-\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 (CeO2-ZrO2):<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHHMsM7meIWBhC74MetLuX5107_WvhJCHTVPEmePgWj87woC6VGhoR54ftqUjLRrTvOKdg4W9c_qCvuCx6YoloKxUCc7wRW9LlZ4BFt-qm4ghUFwmHL34YrVG1Imp0BBW00i5-TPZXI7IJYZLoxfggGhenh8yOgJXNPlqFAnGjiPnNo6NQkcJP5ubK6FlcywBmkF71mmG_U5CegLWGVtg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645-\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHqHArK1U4Zg5TGXsY7P0EmCPD_-dZonkZPNERbbAgYy6JrTcav5lih5ZCVRM2hNJQPl84IKhikvn9fIyPiiIvjkfrRsU_GnNuCsRJg-uNsLvtirWRjs_nFbRJh-ANk-EKHimRjkQCzxNeunRQ8QCe9xbnBzhaPExCvgVF53J0n5ZEqrwZqcpzoVvO8t2L-hPQI7_eWcL7RUPjaO5EoI9dz7WyiZaMgDZr0jS6VK2tDeuPrXkHs3OtR3PmqcuH_cTKprwE4Qi_5yB6dzslV_mh5wvMRhwoALHk4INGnsgrMNxQ_QN2XJ8PqYPX1yFi8CqBiRDmP6iSMSPwcH3S60U6XpFueRz2GOiR5OUQdoSlvKvdUrq6vn2WkEDX72Y5zzg9dfRw2YWNM9Bqjj90=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">24<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Ca):<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHHMsM7meIWBhC74MetLuX5107_WvhJCHTVPEmePgWj87woC6VGhoR54ftqUjLRrTvOKdg4W9c_qCvuCx6YoloKxUCc7wRW9LlZ4BFt-qm4ghUFwmHL34YrVG1Imp0BBW00i5-TPZXI7IJYZLoxfggGhenh8yOgJXNPlqFAnGjiPnNo6NQkcJP5ubK6FlcywBmkF71mmG_U5CegLWGVtg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">11<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a: \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (H2S) \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a (SO2)\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQE87jHu4_uEbuUiNnt4tl2K9uH1xwgcSpwNe9gkAeS5TfOr2NSboV3Uc0x6fcxpKv3H1CVFBr3LK_onb4jXpRcxZSR-lPdKfbLiImrIhHzZ7dEOo9kLmu4W8ZCuYHKWiidhrg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">17<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 H2S \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQE87jHu4_uEbuUiNnt4tl2K9uH1xwgcSpwNe9gkAeS5TfOr2NSboV3Uc0x6fcxpKv3H1CVFBr3LK_onb4jXpRcxZSR-lPdKfbLiImrIhHzZ7dEOo9kLmu4W8ZCuYHKWiidhrg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">17<\/a>. SO2, particularly in diesel exhaust, interacts with copper-chabazite (Cu-CHA) catalysts used for NOx reduction. Studies have shown that SO2 reacts with the [Cu2II(NH3)4O2]2+ complex, forming CuI species and a sulfated CuII complex that accumulates within the zeolite pores\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGa3IBYnHp5VgpRImUvO5bu60e7F4BixFjrliQ35ETPKSA-T30m-JWBkqrRrPKPyi2o1lQ9fP1roLRGVMgYI3PB32sLsCmMnkCMldOT7Ubn8DXGZBGyvF_KdizOnuYussDVPW21vcEIFTzyhZu14PgYBTtLGHp6RLD1588TnnBN_ATsse90-YMm6KeJgsB1dsfUny3ZzOnNlK70TLCaAT2xYkfO2-8Spc4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">18<\/a>. \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (XAS) \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629 (SO42-)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGa3IBYnHp5VgpRImUvO5bu60e7F4BixFjrliQ35ETPKSA-T30m-JWBkqrRrPKPyi2o1lQ9fP1roLRGVMgYI3PB32sLsCmMnkCMldOT7Ubn8DXGZBGyvF_KdizOnuYussDVPW21vcEIFTzyhZu14PgYBTtLGHp6RLD1588TnnBN_ATsse90-YMm6KeJgsB1dsfUny3ZzOnNlK70TLCaAT2xYkfO2-8Spc4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">18<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 (NH3) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGTfwm7hADWcmAH7SiVwjxSh5BXenJ4UWlKGyelKh2ECDI83uLsLUVe1j8j3SLtGv6kia1Md9hjVcpflURX8x_4HCrkfPDXJ42Sv0dg1c37nRm4qO_n3q1LE7uiaqeRewbKNA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">19<\/a>. \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGTfwm7hADWcmAH7SiVwjxSh5BXenJ4UWlKGyelKh2ECDI83uLsLUVe1j8j3SLtGv6kia1Md9hjVcpflURX8x_4HCrkfPDXJ42Sv0dg1c37nRm4qO_n3q1LE7uiaqeRewbKNA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">19<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 H2S \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 H2S \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0632\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFqt4OssDNC2aXAhiscgaCXjygwYPVfz3YCDrFkFeHP-F7neOqvHj3AvjPQXltmQM9jn70NDNC9GHjppnjmxosHt7XJ3gCfLKECaMJmJIpdhKS2mdV68gF2uVrsqwi_Z7qkclUSVL4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">20<\/a>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0629 (SO42-) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u064b\u0627.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGa3IBYnHp5VgpRImUvO5bu60e7F4BixFjrliQ35ETPKSA-T30m-JWBkqrRrPKPyi2o1lQ9fP1roLRGVMgYI3PB32sLsCmMnkCMldOT7Ubn8DXGZBGyvF_KdizOnuYussDVPW21vcEIFTzyhZu14PgYBTtLGHp6RLD1588TnnBN_ATsse90-YMm6KeJgsB1dsfUny3ZzOnNlK70TLCaAT2xYkfO2-8Spc4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">18<\/a>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f 500 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 (600 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGTfwm7hADWcmAH7SiVwjxSh5BXenJ4UWlKGyelKh2ECDI83uLsLUVe1j8j3SLtGv6kia1Md9hjVcpflURX8x_4HCrkfPDXJ42Sv0dg1c37nRm4qO_n3q1LE7uiaqeRewbKNA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">19<\/a>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQE87jHu4_uEbuUiNnt4tl2K9uH1xwgcSpwNe9gkAeS5TfOr2NSboV3Uc0x6fcxpKv3H1CVFBr3LK_onb4jXpRcxZSR-lPdKfbLiImrIhHzZ7dEOo9kLmu4W8ZCuYHKWiidhrg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">17<\/a>. \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGa3IBYnHp5VgpRImUvO5bu60e7F4BixFjrliQ35ETPKSA-T30m-JWBkqrRrPKPyi2o1lQ9fP1roLRGVMgYI3PB32sLsCmMnkCMldOT7Ubn8DXGZBGyvF_KdizOnuYussDVPW21vcEIFTzyhZu14PgYBTtLGHp6RLD1588TnnBN_ATsse90-YMm6KeJgsB1dsfUny3ZzOnNlK70TLCaAT2xYkfO2-8Spc4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">18<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062d\u064a\u0645 (\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646) \u0647\u0648 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQE87jHu4_uEbuUiNnt4tl2K9uH1xwgcSpwNe9gkAeS5TfOr2NSboV3Uc0x6fcxpKv3H1CVFBr3LK_onb4jXpRcxZSR-lPdKfbLiImrIhHzZ7dEOo9kLmu4W8ZCuYHKWiidhrg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">17<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.2. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 ZDDP\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u062c\u064a\u062c:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 Washcoat:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 (Al2O3) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627 (CeO2)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHHMsM7meIWBhC74MetLuX5107_WvhJCHTVPEmePgWj87woC6VGhoR54ftqUjLRrTvOKdg4W9c_qCvuCx6YoloKxUCc7wRW9LlZ4BFt-qm4ghUFwmHL34YrVG1Imp0BBW00i5-TPZXI7IJYZLoxfggGhenh8yOgJXNPlqFAnGjiPnNo6NQkcJP5ubK6FlcywBmkF71mmG_U5CegLWGVtg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHHMsM7meIWBhC74MetLuX5107_WvhJCHTVPEmePgWj87woC6VGhoR54ftqUjLRrTvOKdg4W9c_qCvuCx6YoloKxUCc7wRW9LlZ4BFt-qm4ghUFwmHL34YrVG1Imp0BBW00i5-TPZXI7IJYZLoxfggGhenh8yOgJXNPlqFAnGjiPnNo6NQkcJP5ubK6FlcywBmkF71mmG_U5CegLWGVtg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">11<\/a>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.3. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHk06_xvdVropsfFSnQpAbUF9CJr8HHXp8r_-15Hpml5LH0Z6eVe19M_9-fOaWB1QNA3YWwDsP136MJBPeYhS4vHyczN7zIh6FQpZur1xIOMhKLAlWiRWNC9ExVubsVzFclAQupvAm3oLF63zs=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10<\/a>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 (Pt \u0648Pd \u0648Rh)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHk06_xvdVropsfFSnQpAbUF9CJr8HHXp8r_-15Hpml5LH0Z6eVe19M_9-fOaWB1QNA3YWwDsP136MJBPeYhS4vHyczN7zIh6FQpZur1xIOMhKLAlWiRWNC9ExVubsVzFclAQupvAm3oLF63zs=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10<\/a>. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.4. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 (SiO2) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0643\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\/\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u062c\u064a\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f): \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Thermal degradation, particularly sintering, is a major cause of catalytic converter deactivation, especially at temperatures exceeding 500\u00b0C [L.5.3]. This process involves the irreversible loss of active surface area due to the agglomeration of noble metal particles and the structural collapse of the washcoat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1. \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 (Pt \u0648Pd \u0648Rh) \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0629&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQET2_mki-ag4AGNjjUi2jjzDNH7Tlzarzatzgbv__nZ8XTaI_goj97pqIi-ySOYlVUbohXVYGSkG29s9LBsgzfM2JXHsQyLsE8xJDVd9IoHkS4n30mwhy9nRIg3yk9DWiaLDYPFX68WXKvgkGmUiohBks6KVJom75pUNNfzqw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">22<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c (\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c) \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 (\u0646\u0636\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHqHArK1U4Zg5TGXsY7P0EmCPD_-dZonkZPNERbbAgYy6JrTcav5lih5ZCVRM2hNJQPl84IKhikvn9fIyPiiIvjkfrRsU_GnNuCsRJg-uNsLvtirWRjs_nFbRJh-ANk-EKHimRjkQCzxNeunRQ8QCe9xbnBzhaPExCvgVF53J0n5ZEqrwZqcpzoVvO8t2L-hPQI7_eWcL7RUPjaO5EoI9dz7WyiZaMgDZr0jS6VK2tDeuPrXkHs3OtR3PmqcuH_cTKprwE4Qi_5yB6dzslV_mh5wvMRhwoALHk4INGnsgrMNxQ_QN2XJ8PqYPX1yFi8CqBiRDmP6iSMSPwcH3S60U6XpFueRz2GOiR5OUQdoSlvKvdUrq6vn2WkEDX72Y5zzg9dfRw2YWNM9Bqjj90=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">24<\/a>. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHqHArK1U4Zg5TGXsY7P0EmCPD_-dZonkZPNERbbAgYy6JrTcav5lih5ZCVRM2hNJQPl84IKhikvn9fIyPiiIvjkfrRsU_GnNuCsRJg-uNsLvtirWRjs_nFbRJh-ANk-EKHimRjkQCzxNeunRQ8QCe9xbnBzhaPExCvgVF53J0n5ZEqrwZqcpzoVvO8t2L-hPQI7_eWcL7RUPjaO5EoI9dz7WyiZaMgDZr0jS6VK2tDeuPrXkHs3OtR3PmqcuH_cTKprwE4Qi_5yB6dzslV_mh5wvMRhwoALHk4INGnsgrMNxQ_QN2XJ8PqYPX1yFi8CqBiRDmP6iSMSPwcH3S60U6XpFueRz2GOiR5OUQdoSlvKvdUrq6vn2WkEDX72Y5zzg9dfRw2YWNM9Bqjj90=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">24<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Pt) \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQET2_mki-ag4AGNjjUi2jjzDNH7Tlzarzatzgbv__nZ8XTaI_goj97pqIi-ySOYlVUbohXVYGSkG29s9LBsgzfM2JXHsQyLsE8xJDVd9IoHkS4n30mwhy9nRIg3yk9DWiaLDYPFX68WXKvgkGmUiohBks6KVJom75pUNNfzqw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">22<\/a>. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQET2_mki-ag4AGNjjUi2jjzDNH7Tlzarzatzgbv__nZ8XTaI_goj97pqIi-ySOYlVUbohXVYGSkG29s9LBsgzfM2JXHsQyLsE8xJDVd9IoHkS4n30mwhy9nRIg3yk9DWiaLDYPFX68WXKvgkGmUiohBks6KVJom75pUNNfzqw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">22<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f. \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 (CeO2) \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0640&#034;\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a&#034; \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFi2bPYzIWmlGJ8AzmTA9MfgBRhhwG-7AafxAWSAEz40tmRizgYwje-PMrB3T59SX-2QW7jAUilC7BeP5M0Qt7B9PO6UjkPUYlhJnHCmx2t9r-SZXilzHFDzey5YrEp0NYgoPd5RvMjNNxJBzUjycpiyS3p\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">23<\/a>. \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHeQudacIyZLSF4tv9-bYzEm9YZgW_zUMQc_IV-kMZZUVZUhOah5d4uwIP8fD1LoSkPxFIEv-zdiIjccJ4a-gSl1qS4qR24HkfQVsGjTRTawmG8ZGEiDHX93G7XnlyzApojfnBuascvoMnYb3SBTcDtrydIaig7PMSTtT4_DdXJrGf9noslw05-9uDvnS7CiCuyyxUdSlZTDNu2-l1S4Q8ofJURb6Mv_LBiOcfCZJnYJciJdM-J-JHy2GAkaUlNLGHc_pd3IPCSaQ7OUb7boP5YsfUAMOBRguBXVmy9tWoLVE_hAGV1tTBD6MPHX8xKCg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">23<\/a>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 (ZrO2) \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0640 Rh\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 Rh \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 Rh \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQET2_mki-ag4AGNjjUi2jjzDNH7Tlzarzatzgbv__nZ8XTaI_goj97pqIi-ySOYlVUbohXVYGSkG29s9LBsgzfM2JXHsQyLsE8xJDVd9IoHkS4n30mwhy9nRIg3yk9DWiaLDYPFX68WXKvgkGmUiohBks6KVJom75pUNNfzqw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">22<\/a>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648Rh \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHeQudacIyZLSF4tv9-bYzEm9YZgW_zUMQc_IV-kMZZUVZUhOah5d4uwIP8fD1LoSkPxFIEv-zdiIjccJ4a-gSl1qS4qR24HkfQVsGjTRTawmG8ZGEiDHX93G7XnlyzApojfnBuascvoMnYb3SBTcDtrydIaig7PMSTtT4_DdXJrGf9noslw05-9uDvnS7CiCuyyxUdSlZTDNu2-l1S4Q8ofJURb6Mv_LBiOcfCZJnYJciJdM-J-JHy2GAkaUlNLGHc_pd3IPCSaQ7OUb7boP5YsfUAMOBRguBXVmy9tWoLVE_hAGV1tTBD6MPHX8xKCg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">22<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 (H2O) \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 500 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHqHArK1U4Zg5TGXsY7P0EmCPD_-dZonkZPNERbbAgYy6JrTcav5lih5ZCVRM2hNJQPl84IKhikvn9fIyPiiIvjkfrRsU_GnNuCsRJg-uNsLvtirWRjs_nFbRJh-ANk-EKHimRjkQCzxNeunRQ8QCe9xbnBzhaPExCvgVF53J0n5ZEqrwZqcpzoVvO8t2L-hPQI7_eWcL7RUPjaO5EoI9dz7WyiZaMgDZr0jS6VK2tDeuPrXkHs3OtR3PmqcuH_cTKprwE4Qi_5yB6dzslV_mh5wvMRhwoALHk4INGnsgrMNxQ_QN2XJ8PqYPX1yFi8CqBiRDmP6iSMSPwcH3S60U6XpFueRz2GOiR5OUQdoSlvKvdUrq6vn2WkEDX72Y5zzg9dfRw2YWNM9Bqjj90=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">24<\/a>\u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 H2O\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0636\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f H2O\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644 (Si-OH) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a SiO2\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHqHArK1U4Zg5TGXsY7P0EmCPD_-dZonkZPNERbbAgYy6JrTcav5lih5ZCVRM2hNJQPl84IKhikvn9fIyPiiIvjkfrRsU_GnNuCsRJg-uNsLvtirWRjs_nFbRJh-ANk-EKHimRjkQCzxNeunRQ8QCe9xbnBzhaPExCvgVF53J0n5ZEqrwZqcpzoVvO8t2L-hPQI7_eWcL7RUPjaO5EoI9dz7WyiZaMgDZr0jS6VK2tDeuPrXkHs3OtR3PmqcuH_cTKprwE4Qi_5yB6dzslV_mh5wvMRhwoALHk4INGnsgrMNxQ_QN2XJ8PqYPX1yFi8CqBiRDmP6iSMSPwcH3S60U6XpFueRz2GOiR5OUQdoSlvKvdUrq6vn2WkEDX72Y5zzg9dfRw2YWNM9Bqjj90=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">24<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.2. \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0Sustained high temperatures can cause the porous washcoat structure to collapse, reducing the available surface area for noble metal dispersion and catalytic reactions [L.5.3]. This is often associated with phase transformations or crystallite growth within the washcoat material.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631. \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 Pt-O-Ce\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHqHArK1U4Zg5TGXsY7P0EmCPD_-dZonkZPNERbbAgYy6JrTcav5lih5ZCVRM2hNJQPl84IKhikvn9fIyPiiIvjkfrRsU_GnNuCsRJg-uNsLvtirWRjs_nFbRJh-ANk-EKHimRjkQCzxNeunRQ8QCe9xbnBzhaPExCvgVF53J0n5ZEqrwZqcpzoVvO8t2L-hPQI7_eWcL7RUPjaO5EoI9dz7WyiZaMgDZr0jS6VK2tDeuPrXkHs3OtR3PmqcuH_cTKprwE4Qi_5yB6dzslV_mh5wvMRhwoALHk4INGnsgrMNxQ_QN2XJ8PqYPX1yFi8CqBiRDmP6iSMSPwcH3S60U6XpFueRz2GOiR5OUQdoSlvKvdUrq6vn2WkEDX72Y5zzg9dfRw2YWNM9Bqjj90=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">24<\/a>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGTdzQnFyF6CMXx_jFtpvICwZjBEtioDi7dxIIE1mgS-Zpbv4wYGPX1zVte3FqajW5iYXxLq9-lUrUE0lLnlacNUe04sphRN-Imve3hsmGmLTlmdWWQdyTob5uxLvtosuTRQ_P25yaGBERJlh46jLOJyGQt3REQFyG4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">26<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.1. \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF-6iQCSmalVqRMUc-hQ0VTUY2EoNZp4kMQYCHa67jKdl_MVAOmW73isdpotp5CX4tNqN1C1K-PL4a77-dYJco1VsVjA7cuQZDpCblIjQ05vOGZM4Fsejy91sX4PzTLmA9wbZ0Funl3elY_gg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">27<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF-6iQCSmalVqRMUc-hQ0VTUY2EoNZp4kMQYCHa67jKdl_MVAOmW73isdpotp5CX4tNqN1C1K-PL4a77-dYJco1VsVjA7cuQZDpCblIjQ05vOGZM4Fsejy91sX4PzTLmA9wbZ0Funl3elY_gg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">27<\/a>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 (DPFs)\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644: \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0639\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHe-O3qjRYc4JaYeXSR5oC_2WFJN-6bJZho1CoDkjTfM81tQulFf2d8PaZkl_BdRn02jgJ4alcXO2zHZD_pRi-s2m6kGihiopanswvTYsS_5-GCspXXCjuLERxH1-dsq1JgrvIDEU7VKpzznl2MiFKdXskVfksdnAn9YPn8XN22MJwZYkaj_FA7SVtIeBj9o7_MHJb9kirKX35Q6rZscLKmJcwg0DLvNrmqYWFi9fSKrFe3sOQywVmzbGxifb21QMf9J5vpS1NQ5hAhnC5pj-GsFBsWrkVzzldXad9Ll5ZKaEajywXbod1kFhTLrEHPCFmnEHTIFseKZErK22LAE0M-ozoPuA0Psw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">28<\/a>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 20-50 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHe-O3qjRYc4JaYeXSR5oC_2WFJN-6bJZho1CoDkjTfM81tQulFf2d8PaZkl_BdRn02jgJ4alcXO2zHZD_pRi-s2m6kGihiopanswvTYsS_5-GCspXXCjuLERxH1-dsq1JgrvIDEU7VKpzznl2MiFKdXskVfksdnAn9YPn8XN22MJwZYkaj_FA7SVtIeBj9o7_MHJb9kirKX35Q6rZscLKmJcwg0DLvNrmqYWFi9fSKrFe3sOQywVmzbGxifb21QMf9J5vpS1NQ5hAhnC5pj-GsFBsWrkVzzldXad9Ll5ZKaEajywXbod1kFhTLrEHPCFmnEHTIFseKZErK22LAE0M-ozoPuA0Psw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">28<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 (NH3) \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFwLPonR7awH2JtRmgOGo59PFyRZOvG6jr2XFFNZNcuo5ty7d99iLSOEnPgQk5P9wbdybpTU33mO5nxXtk6xcdWzvnTrG1NY7-XOfbiQY2Bdf5fMnzGqXBTpO2LdJ5mb2FFPK378L8fdXD13tWuyZiIw6n-pQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">29<\/a>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFwLPonR7awH2JtRmgOGo59PFyRZOvG6jr2XFFNZNcuo5ty7d99iLSOEnPgQk5P9wbdybpTU33mO5nxXtk6xcdWzvnTrG1NY7-XOfbiQY2Bdf5fMnzGqXBTpO2LdJ5mb2FFPK378L8fdXD13tWuyZiIw6n-pQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">29<\/a>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a SCR \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 NO2 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 SCR \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFwLPonR7awH2JtRmgOGo59PFyRZOvG6jr2XFFNZNcuo5ty7d99iLSOEnPgQk5P9wbdybpTU33mO5nxXtk6xcdWzvnTrG1NY7-XOfbiQY2Bdf5fMnzGqXBTpO2LdJ5mb2FFPK378L8fdXD13tWuyZiIw6n-pQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">29<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF-6iQCSmalVqRMUc-hQ0VTUY2EoNZp4kMQYCHa67jKdl_MVAOmW73isdpotp5CX4tNqN1C1K-PL4a77-dYJco1VsVjA7cuQZDpCblIjQ05vOGZM4Fsejy91sX4PzTLmA9wbZ0Funl3elY_gg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">27<\/a>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 &#034;\u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629&#034; \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQESJiUrmGlMaEfZ6q90EroxRse31iuLOOzKeNKCQC_2H_QTyqr3PCX_BtWZSlPkcn4HePuxbLj__pDaZ1Rf0VYPYnhvzCsb2SW8PlFxpDc9cnQwOvjNqAc4n57_OQLjOBn6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">34<\/a>. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFgfyvPs8GTsT_l2Xc6VP45BwrOqQc19gbd3pZ-merXOKEe-260fvjcfHna9zKSLbsfMHR1zZW2eRF97H_6Fdh9yTQ9QRrdq84GVWKrKvvxuDSNqHAiurIaqrwNnDSw4xoscQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">30<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.2. \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHZdvlTyF2EDQ6MaC_eJg9kOhJoDL83iYyaygkW-iYaIg1ySE35ZBMwPSpeLlNOjQud1yHqjqxNRDYUfTEDW8lUUoEhXfPA_wWQbO2E2GUGvuu-lIgOnF9EruU7KSqDrc7LccIWpLlIwTjWSlWeg-mt-HDTW7s_gHbJ-S9WmuSI57p1kwJMVfBw4O6d8QU3hmlEODE_AsV_8mdpc6NrpfcVhsgqpw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">35<\/a>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHZdvlTyF2EDQ6MaC_eJg9kOhJoDL83iYyaygkW-iYaIg1ySE35ZBMwPSpeLlNOjQud1yHqjqxNRDYUfTEDW8lUUoEhXfPA_wWQbO2E2GUGvuu-lIgOnF9EruU7KSqDrc7LccIWpLlIwTjWSlWeg-mt-HDTW7s_gHbJ-S9WmuSI57p1kwJMVfBw4O6d8QU3hmlEODE_AsV_8mdpc6NrpfcVhsgqpw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">35<\/a>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF-6iQCSmalVqRMUc-hQ0VTUY2EoNZp4kMQYCHa67jKdl_MVAOmW73isdpotp5CX4tNqN1C1K-PL4a77-dYJco1VsVjA7cuQZDpCblIjQ05vOGZM4Fsejy91sX4PzTLmA9wbZ0Funl3elY_gg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">27<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHZdvlTyF2EDQ6MaC_eJg9kOhJoDL83iYyaygkW-iYaIg1ySE35ZBMwPSpeLlNOjQud1yHqjqxNRDYUfTEDW8lUUoEhXfPA_wWQbO2E2GUGvuu-lIgOnF9EruU7KSqDrc7LccIWpLlIwTjWSlWeg-mt-HDTW7s_gHbJ-S9WmuSI57p1kwJMVfBw4O6d8QU3hmlEODE_AsV_8mdpc6NrpfcVhsgqpw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">35<\/a>. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c 600\/4\u060c 600\/3\u060c 900\/2) \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHZdvlTyF2EDQ6MaC_eJg9kOhJoDL83iYyaygkW-iYaIg1ySE35ZBMwPSpeLlNOjQud1yHqjqxNRDYUfTEDW8lUUoEhXfPA_wWQbO2E2GUGvuu-lIgOnF9EruU7KSqDrc7LccIWpLlIwTjWSlWeg-mt-HDTW7s_gHbJ-S9WmuSI57p1kwJMVfBw4O6d8QU3hmlEODE_AsV_8mdpc6NrpfcVhsgqpw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">35<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGGbJ9M60DyT6UmZBGyIjsOdyOCn___ZPvpxR4TPhYxOS9G0B7iihlNLXscrcV6I9ldSur8h4s_Od43K5EA4n8gkZN-Tm5-G-kTuaW61VlytqD89mUGtI1m25W_vfuJj5Sk2d9a21ShuVchfKDGH5Io1VPDAkwlpJywPSmfG-fZvUx1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">33<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.3. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFpP56zvLfyMEhgWnPRQrPDnBxOChgogSPZ-EtNA7ev48Vi7cdS2Ihc9SDoNC8Ivcjtd52MSX4-N6fqzALV18vqdMBy87QHPEviwh1ez2UxWfTJRkOnCthSh35Y1dj9SyiFebewG_u9XCQob45H8xNk-O0isomJxeqFiGPTqGQ3BFGVll5b4O8bzn4Y0rWBnPbUKAqaQkjJ-p63KZtWvp4A7Ee_y5bPQ8V0YZNl83AOrNNRjNuLUvCzOJjtWkCUy_6sw7_Pbng=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">47<\/a>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHZdvlTyF2EDQ6MaC_eJg9kOhJoDL83iYyaygkW-iYaIg1ySE35ZBMwPSpeLlNOjQud1yHqjqxNRDYUfTEDW8lUUoEhXfPA_wWQbO2E2GUGvuu-lIgOnF9EruU7KSqDrc7LccIWpLlIwTjWSlWeg-mt-HDTW7s_gHbJ-S9WmuSI57p1kwJMVfBw4O6d8QU3hmlEODE_AsV_8mdpc6NrpfcVhsgqpw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">35<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEAjSYYCfQWRkhMjWuPL0f9JH30sVhBBBhCl3eynsHx0hceGaOMwzQdeLVU3s5OHX0JfPbYjWny1sIOcJRslWMDz1ruOW82ryMboBywkwLOvm18vAhOI-H4rvQRK35bmGL9b_idZ-MzMiE6TzBPYbvuD-DhFnHxb3dUOFQ3rnyQ23U=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">61<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.1. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f (A\/F) (\u03bb=1) \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGN28YV0D4WOJLXg_qnEnhc3fYKboQtXpk3fdI0eijse1IExswqHt_9WngydjBALwFUQsmwbkbZ05-CQpnH0BzqWN-weD6tQWPj4PNk4dI-RNLFiljYMP_6xLsJ4mbvW9XUoZwb5Q74S-Bf0Yn22GAQGOJIU7XblPYEm87ARCXgB9FosQaTtWXj7JDw90PvRg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">4<\/a>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 &#034;\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632&#034; \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\/\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGN28YV0D4WOJLXg_qnEnhc3fYKboQtXpk3fdI0eijse1IExswqHt_9WngydjBALwFUQsmwbkbZ05-CQpnH0BzqWN-weD6tQWPj4PNk4dI-RNLFiljYMP_6xLsJ4mbvW9XUoZwb5Q74S-Bf0Yn22GAQGOJIU7XblPYEm87ARCXgB9FosQaTtWXj7JDw90PvRg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">5<\/a>. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGN28YV0D4WOJLXg_qnEnhc3fYKboQtXpk3fdI0eijse1IExswqHt_9WngydjBALwFUQsmwbkbZ05-CQpnH0BzqWN-weD6tQWPj4PNk4dI-RNLFiljYMP_6xLsJ4mbvW9XUoZwb5Q74S-Bf0Yn22GAQGOJIU7XblPYEm87ARCXgB9FosQaTtWXj7JDw90PvRg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">5<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.2. \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHlRdNCYx-79TSQtI8cFaByakOuN5xbMUwDcZxnUwdFDUWjJQMHxnCa25izHhdP7mUB4PcU7iDy8O_wWZ8LNml5P0HDZBAZiQizqIIq22e-ewQu2agEJcot5tixGUSVTFNAILW35cQ=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">52<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHlRdNCYx-79TSQtI8cFaByakOuN5xbMUwDcZxnUwdFDUWjJQMHxnCa25izHhdP7mUB4PcU7iDy8O_wWZ8LNml5P0HDZBAZiQizqIIq22e-ewQu2agEJcot5tixGUSVTFNAILW35cQ=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">52<\/a>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a: 1200-1600 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGz9lm7NKjX_EZXLqCNuA3AOmHFfJPqQfL5M1HEV-ZCiKy6h1HAvKCUQgU0cGm8yc0m14pv6khuZpYJncRtfG2F9B0OUHalcmm1PVbLCTFjAStEjSng9JlULSkxrVwq4kEDrOnKm3kNo1Vt94HPMjylJ3Jg87GVi_7uVzv2QLGl3RfWEw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 2000 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0639\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGz9lm7NKjX_EZXLqCNuA3AOmHFfJPqQfL5M1HEV-ZCiKy6h1HAvKCUQgU0cGm8yc0m14pv6khuZpYJncRtfG2F9B0OUHalcmm1PVbLCTFjAStEjSng9JlULSkxrVwq4kEDrOnKm3kNo1Vt94HPMjylJ3Jg87GVi_7uVzv2QLGl3RfWEw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">56<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 (\u0631\u0645\u0632 P0420 \u0623\u0648 P0430)\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF1U2j7vbjb-XUmPGyzIExQasVKOqwnoXHGqly271yBGCPOnIYExdugMrXwTxBCvNxAfRxrfTskgVvBh7Jdtc-lTYApEtkf8GYCj6_Gvzb46iPbCQ6ycDHgHLRW9DyuBmzJoL19QV0=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">55<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0629 (\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0642\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u063a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGz9lm7NKjX_EZXLqCNuA3AOmHFfJPqQfL5M1HEV-ZCiKy6h1HAvKCUQgU0cGm8yc0m14pv6khuZpYJncRtfG2F9B0OUHalcmm1PVbLCTFjAStEjSng9JlULSkxrVwq4kEDrOnKm3kNo1Vt94HPMjylJ3Jg87GVi_7uVzv2QLGl3RfWEw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">56<\/a>\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHlRdNCYx-79TSQtI8cFaByakOuN5xbMUwDcZxnUwdFDUWjJQMHxnCa25izHhdP7mUB4PcU7iDy8O_wWZ8LNml5P0HDZBAZiQizqIIq22e-ewQu2agEJcot5tixGUSVTFNAILW35cQ=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">52<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.3. \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u0627\u0644<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0Excess fuel can lead to carbon deposition (coking) on the catalyst surface, masking active sites and reducing efficiency [L.5.5]. It can also lead to the formation of metal carbonyls (e.g., Ni(CO)4) at lower temperatures and high CO partial pressures, causing catalyst loss [L.5.10].<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGa3IBYnHp5VgpRImUvO5bu60e7F4BixFjrliQ35ETPKSA-T30m-JWBkqrRrPKPyi2o1lQ9fP1roLRGVMgYI3PB32sLsCmMnkCMldOT7Ubn8DXGZBGyvF_KdizOnuYussDVPW21vcEIFTzyhZu14PgYBTtLGHp6RLD1588TnnBN_ATsse90-YMm6KeJgsB1dsfUny3ZzOnNlK70TLCaAT2xYkfO2-8Spc4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">18<\/a>. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQET2_mki-ag4AGNjjUi2jjzDNH7Tlzarzatzgbv__nZ8XTaI_goj97pqIi-ySOYlVUbohXVYGSkG29s9LBsgzfM2JXHsQyLsE8xJDVd9IoHkS4n30mwhy9nRIg3yk9DWiaLDYPFX68WXKvgkGmUiohBks6KVJom75pUNNfzqw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">22<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.4. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0During cold starts, the catalyst is below its light-off temperature, meaning it is ineffective at converting pollutants [L.5.1]. This period contributes significantly to overall emissions. The catalyst&#8217;s warm-up time is crucial for light-off\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEZi2fkgnTk03HUWsGtcpyPtxIo6S_kuzu_lCQNO3CWYGoyj_DhmNiulPUcclE8Vrd2gWfeEgG_oGz5aRieHqEM4PAwHcoYN5g0dxGfkkKb-4E5XGIlwj3p4N4XJ8AfP_CKt16eJ7Lf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">38<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.5. \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The operating temperature of the catalyst is critical. While high temperatures accelerate sintering, a certain temperature is necessary for the catalytic reactions to occur efficiently. For instance, in biomass pyrolysis vapor upgrading, increasing catalyst temperature can counteract deactivation, but the rate of increase needs optimization [L.5.8]. An optimal operating temperature range exists for catalysts, balancing conversion efficiency and minimizing coke formation [L.5.11].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.1. \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637:<\/strong>\u00a0Chemical poisoning, thermal sintering, and physical masking all lead to a reduction in the number of available active sites on the catalyst surface [L.5.4][L.5.5][L.5.6]. This directly translates to fewer reaction pathways for pollutants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a (HC) \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO):<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NOx):<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGTfwm7hADWcmAH7SiVwjxSh5BXenJ4UWlKGyelKh2ECDI83uLsLUVe1j8j3SLtGv6kia1Md9hjVcpflURX8x_4HCrkfPDXJ42Sv0dg1c37nRm4qO_n3q1LE7uiaqeRewbKNA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">19<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGRvwjjt4FOWzVlLlGXRucCl-c6tbAYTDUQ4v119tMT-zFAmOwZkXvYXS1Kg1l9NvIn6wVJIN5COuqX6CG56NRvAIpiKVmIDTyUxMumW_Ecv-lXp_E_85DKOt-3w3Mi7pgTfpMf9wM4Zxmeuuj5Zj4-tJXq8w7I_RcvgX5yf4i7aK-YJJQS9fPNFh7TXEj89otPX8n6p_or7ppcLhaTBT225HzZMVrUP5eRZZdTo_yAoBg=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">39<\/a>. \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFFk0gmxNF01RNlXj9dAgRuqgn_5vEz3EB9IlcAirHYX1vEEBElEb9NC0IoMAfgQoPz6rskQmWrb6rGs9mzbX2mqRfP2_EI774S7ywRuAHPpAGG6FVdsdyd9efsW_YO6sJVueDE8YiMmAh82guiWwaTDSLOgd1ZPncscyJd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">46<\/a>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGRvwjjt4FOWzVlLlGXRucCl-c6tbAYTDUQ4v119tMT-zFAmOwZkXvYXS1Kg1l9NvIn6wVJIN5COuqX6CG56NRvAIpiKVmIDTyUxMumW_Ecv-lXp_E_85DKOt-3w3Mi7pgTfpMf9wM4Zxmeuuj5Zj4-tJXq8w7I_RcvgX5yf4i7aK-YJJQS9fPNFh7TXEj89otPX8n6p_or7ppcLhaTBT225HzZMVrUP5eRZZdTo_yAoBg=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">39<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0668.\u0662. \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 (T\u0665\u0660\u060c T\u0669\u0660)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 (T50 \u0623\u0648 T90\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 50% \u0623\u0648 90% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a) \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0Catalyst deactivation, whether due to poisoning, coking, or thermal degradation, invariably leads to an increase in the light-off temperature required for efficient pollutant conversion [L.5.1]. This means the catalyst takes longer to become effective after a cold start, leading to higher emissions during the warm-up phase.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0The increase in light-off temperature is a direct result of the reduced active surface area and the diminished intrinsic activity of the catalyst. For instance, strong CO adsorption on catalytic sites can impede O2 adsorption at low CO conversions, resulting in U-shaped light-off curves [L.5.9]. Once CO desorbs, the reaction proceeds rapidly [L.5.9].<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643:<\/strong>\u00a0Light-off temperature varies with engine speed and torque due to changes in exhaust flow rate [L.5.2]. Light-off curves are highly dependent on reaction conditions, making extrapolation to other conditions (flow rates, catalyst amount, reactant concentrations) challenging [L.5.11].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.3. \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635:<\/strong>\u00a0\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629 (DTCs) \u0645\u062b\u0644 P0420 \u0623\u0648 P0430\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.1. \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGa3IBYnHp5VgpRImUvO5bu60e7F4BixFjrliQ35ETPKSA-T30m-JWBkqrRrPKPyi2o1lQ9fP1roLRGVMgYI3PB32sLsCmMnkCMldOT7Ubn8DXGZBGyvF_KdizOnuYussDVPW21vcEIFTzyhZu14PgYBTtLGHp6RLD1588TnnBN_ATsse90-YMm6KeJgsB1dsfUny3ZzOnNlK70TLCaAT2xYkfO2-8Spc4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">18<\/a>\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\/\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062b\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 (ZDDP) \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFWlYXJ5060Wa4w4HutzSCVRSwsuxOoTGmlu18p3HzZsV2OdQHnIk8Lf_tmOwKmdzOcWjoqPtNTzCE_QQem9-HojZnMfxyOOFVFuelLZXZFClW3c8xgoqiGIQ2RZrdmCVvnxbW0Qc0wdKdMhmkBuLiJlVc782LmeDA-yI9z1bZuYMq0kGQK6xtmYMlUEF1NvBcHYQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u064a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0640 ZDDP\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFWlYXJ5060Wa4w4HutzSCVRSwsuxOoTGmlu18p3HzZsV2OdQHnIk8Lf_tmOwKmdzOcWjoqPtNTzCE_QQem9-HojZnMfxyOOFVFuelLZXZFClW3c8xgoqiGIQ2RZrdmCVvnxbW0Qc0wdKdMhmkBuLiJlVc782LmeDA-yI9z1bZuYMq0kGQK6xtmYMlUEF1NvBcHYQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">15<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.2. \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHlRdNCYx-79TSQtI8cFaByakOuN5xbMUwDcZxnUwdFDUWjJQMHxnCa25izHhdP7mUB4PcU7iDy8O_wWZ8LNml5P0HDZBAZiQizqIIq22e-ewQu2agEJcot5tixGUSVTFNAILW35cQ=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">52<\/a>. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0642\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 TWCs \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGN28YV0D4WOJLXg_qnEnhc3fYKboQtXpk3fdI0eijse1IExswqHt_9WngydjBALwFUQsmwbkbZ05-CQpnH0BzqWN-weD6tQWPj4PNk4dI-RNLFiljYMP_6xLsJ4mbvW9XUoZwb5Q74S-Bf0Yn22GAQGOJIU7XblPYEm87ARCXgB9FosQaTtWXj7JDw90PvRg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">5<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0635\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a) \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.3. \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 (\u03b3-Al2O3)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 (SiO2)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (TiO2)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627 (CeO2)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 (ZrO2)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 (V2O5)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645 (La2O3) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 (BET \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b 100-200 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\/\u062c\u0645) \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0632.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF3yO-SpOAVaxJ2cJyaIafJW3z9RaMGoHKW7VcP38KYN_aDZhwbAXdxn1iQ8xIiVq1WfJBmrrorRHlEejl0Hj40g-sYnj8uUPtqAvzfvl_10ZiJpbntB7jngDLH_I3vgJg=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">57<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0646\u0629 AEROSIL \u0645\u0646 Evonik\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 AERODISP\u060c \u0648AEROPERL (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEa3wwLMnwuXk0Ygq_oxRQhk9Vh6R1Bs0iHxg_ONTpScW6y9_w1tLfenZiCe1HQh_s8jSaLzK3cmOFq-n0hyvOsYZ5YprqavB5usrzR27qIcMBsnQtsovrBaOoQjUT5aYD8gfKr1rUMRZRI3Uw437vhYIIcPn3ZkH8=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">58<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF3yO-SpOAVaxJ2cJyaIafJW3z9RaMGoHKW7VcP38KYN_aDZhwbAXdxn1iQ8xIiVq1WfJBmrrorRHlEejl0Hj40g-sYnj8uUPtqAvzfvl_10ZiJpbntB7jngDLH_I3vgJg=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">57<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 Pt-O-Ce) \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFi2bPYzIWmlGJ8AzmTA9MfgBRhhwG-7AafxAWSAEz40tmRizgYwje-PMrB3T59SX-2QW7jAUilC7BeP5M0Qt7B9PO6UjkPUYlhJnHCmx2t9r-SZXilzHFDzey5YrEp0NYgoPd5RvMjNNxJBzUjycpiyS3p\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">23<\/a>\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQET2_mki-ag4AGNjjUi2jjzDNH7Tlzarzatzgbv__nZ8XTaI_goj97pqIi-ySOYlVUbohXVYGSkG29s9LBsgzfM2JXHsQyLsE8xJDVd9IoHkS4n30mwhy9nRIg3yk9DWiaLDYPFX68WXKvgkGmUiohBks6KVJom75pUNNfzqw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">22<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 K6 (Pt:Pd:Rh) \u0648\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 K7 (Pd+Pd:Rh)\u060c \u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 Pt:Rh \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 Pd\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGeL_e93GF9k3m_ZDesVkW2RBMCUcLFJYCmye6iVH5Upfrs2-rGwJre4Ij1t4HY5080KTkR7-HBXtaNFQGVULTjAhFAjxvMbUQBXydkDT07ViShqu0PFDO0XAgJqTNTXjuUgGbNGfGQCWe1TXd3pTcxj-GQdU4dLnTUWgU=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">59<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0643\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.4. \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGeL_e93GF9k3m_ZDesVkW2RBMCUcLFJYCmye6iVH5Upfrs2-rGwJre4Ij1t4HY5080KTkR7-HBXtaNFQGVULTjAhFAjxvMbUQBXydkDT07ViShqu0PFDO0XAgJqTNTXjuUgGbNGfGQCWe1TXd3pTcxj-GQdU4dLnTUWgU=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">59<\/a>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGeNK3ggXI2qrslNPMIiiZqlvIYEKJDu9TUHAZkfwq3HvQ18N42wm-_aag2PXmjHGZz8IQ4hVkqkNGDkP9NMQLkJ1VCfiQtR7ToW4BUkGvC6lJY_VMYcEZL-TXftXMK4h4EMWkeylh4o1WcYuif0QWUnaCP9hQbZIJDPDiss9rQETRGVD98myWOq87MrdnZwPXVBQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">37<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEAjSYYCfQWRkhMjWuPL0f9JH30sVhBBBhCl3eynsHx0hceGaOMwzQdeLVU3s5OHX0JfPbYjWny1sIOcJRslWMDz1ruOW82ryMboBywkwLOvm18vAhOI-H4rvQRK35bmGL9b_idZ-MzMiE6TzBPYbvuD-DhFnHxb3dUOFQ3rnyQ23U=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">61<\/a>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEAjSYYCfQWRkhMjWuPL0f9JH30sVhBBBhCl3eynsHx0hceGaOMwzQdeLVU3s5OHX0JfPbYjWny1sIOcJRslWMDz1ruOW82ryMboBywkwLOvm18vAhOI-H4rvQRK35bmGL9b_idZ-MzMiE6TzBPYbvuD-DhFnHxb3dUOFQ3rnyQ23U=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">61<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 FTP\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEAjSYYCfQWRkhMjWuPL0f9JH30sVhBBBhCl3eynsHx0hceGaOMwzQdeLVU3s5OHX0JfPbYjWny1sIOcJRslWMDz1ruOW82ryMboBywkwLOvm18vAhOI-H4rvQRK35bmGL9b_idZ-MzMiE6TzBPYbvuD-DhFnHxb3dUOFQ3rnyQ23U=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">61<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.5. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 (DPF)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF_9hDgD1BLjSbhe1v-1vTol9eYwyA7bwt4g3WlZgibmp0KqqxvWeTMxGdv4XlJExptG0zKToVr3biHljfwmKGsC0qrM3C0NSCxjOtEQj47_0hJyFD4_AUDKl6u1AsLj2GJjQcpAIDBqz8SdU6NWOWW9F3jeDlvRBpL7xV0oolCXiUFUvMNT1I6S0tHtcw=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">42<\/a>. \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 NO2\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 NO \u0625\u0644\u0649 NO2\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0623\u0646 NO2 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQE8ZvMGj7DKBrvIqj2ez8ulAjXVOzR1vSilao0zSXxkPPMCEtiNOcWjQ9_py8glwyICRLiDwQRIiLIappY-a2mP1eQL1LI1vlsS7BCxP9NH6fQTM2sjXrmC1HiIytgWuCrUiUc=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">43<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f) \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF_9hDgD1BLjSbhe1v-1vTol9eYwyA7bwt4g3WlZgibmp0KqqxvWeTMxGdv4XlJExptG0zKToVr3biHljfwmKGsC0qrM3C0NSCxjOtEQj47_0hJyFD4_AUDKl6u1AsLj2GJjQcpAIDBqz8SdU6NWOWW9F3jeDlvRBpL7xV0oolCXiUFUvMNT1I6S0tHtcw=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">42<\/a>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF_9hDgD1BLjSbhe1v-1vTol9eYwyA7bwt4g3WlZgibmp0KqqxvWeTMxGdv4XlJExptG0zKToVr3biHljfwmKGsC0qrM3C0NSCxjOtEQj47_0hJyFD4_AUDKl6u1AsLj2GJjQcpAIDBqz8SdU6NWOWW9F3jeDlvRBpL7xV0oolCXiUFUvMNT1I6S0tHtcw=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">42<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 SCR:<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQE8ZvMGj7DKBrvIqj2ez8ulAjXVOzR1vSilao0zSXxkPPMCEtiNOcWjQ9_py8glwyICRLiDwQRIiLIappY-a2mP1eQL1LI1vlsS7BCxP9NH6fQTM2sjXrmC1HiIytgWuCrUiUc=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">43<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.6. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0627\u062a):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0627\u062a):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0635\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629)\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 (DPFs) \u0648\u0645\u064f\u062e\u0641\u0651\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a (SCRs).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHM8Ee-qKRSixOrtgTYLaO-TwETShtCfic0Sm85J0tG_AEjsIWXs35bRKsINwxfg22MkRWifFdHEUV0dwNQWfU5PYfgMna3mwY5hLOWHTIaq1uQye2C2qEdt6wK9iUEwiWP2N9Z9mQuAtkLEUIkyrgH1SBwlo7SqL5yOTj06S4UiZhV\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">60<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The average catalyst life has already increased significantly from 2-3 years to 5-6 years due to advancements in catalyst preparation [L.5.12], highlighting the continuous progress in this field.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f 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