{"id":3400,"date":"2025-08-08T02:12:20","date_gmt":"2025-08-08T02:12:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/?p=3400"},"modified":"2025-08-08T03:57:42","modified_gmt":"2025-08-08T03:57:42","slug":"understanding-emission-standards-and-their-impact-on-catalytic-converter-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/understanding-emission-standards-and-their-impact-on-catalytic-converter-design\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/catalytic-converters\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f.\u00a0<strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u00a0<strong>\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/product\/universal-three-way-catalytic-converter-euro-iii-iv\/\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"696\" src=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Universal-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter03-1024x696.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\" class=\"wp-image-1847\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Universal-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter03-1024x696.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Universal-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter03-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Universal-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter03-768x522.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Universal-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter03-1536x1044.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Universal-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter03-600x408.jpg 600w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Universal-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter03.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/universal-catalytic-converter\/\">\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-1-what-are-emission-standards-and-why-do-they-matter-\">1. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629&nbsp;<strong>\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629.&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:&nbsp;<strong>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NOx)<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a (HC)<\/strong>\u060c \u0648&nbsp;<strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO)<\/strong>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (PM)<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0648&nbsp;<strong>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644&nbsp;<strong>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (EPA)<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0648 \u0627\u0644&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 (CARB)<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;(\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648 1 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648 7 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645) \u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-2-the-role-of-catalytic-converters-in-emission-control-\">2. \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629&nbsp;<strong>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645<\/strong>\u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0628\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u064a\u062d\u0628&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u0648&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u2014<strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0648&nbsp;<strong>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u2014\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649&nbsp;<strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong>\u060c \u0648&nbsp;<strong>\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u00a0<strong>\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 (ECU)<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u00a0<strong>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f<\/strong>\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a (TWC)<\/a><\/strong>\u060c \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u00a0<strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/product\/mitsubishi-asx-1-8l-diesel-particulate-filter-catalytic-converter\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"696\" src=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Mitsubishi-Asx-1.8L-Diesel-Particulate-Filter-Catalytic-Converter01-1024x696.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0634\u064a-ASX-1.8 \u0644\u062a\u0631-\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644-\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d-\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a\" class=\"wp-image-2358\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Mitsubishi-Asx-1.8L-Diesel-Particulate-Filter-Catalytic-Converter01-1024x696.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Mitsubishi-Asx-1.8L-Diesel-Particulate-Filter-Catalytic-Converter01-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Mitsubishi-Asx-1.8L-Diesel-Particulate-Filter-Catalytic-Converter01-768x522.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Mitsubishi-Asx-1.8L-Diesel-Particulate-Filter-Catalytic-Converter01-1536x1044.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Mitsubishi-Asx-1.8L-Diesel-Particulate-Filter-Catalytic-Converter01-600x408.jpg 600w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Mitsubishi-Asx-1.8L-Diesel-Particulate-Filter-Catalytic-Converter01.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/product\/mitsubishi-asx-1-8l-diesel-particulate-filter-catalytic-converter\/\">\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0634\u064a-ASX-1.8 \u0644\u062a\u0631-\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644-\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d-\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a-\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644-\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-3-the-impact-of-emission-standards-on-catalytic-converter-design-\">3. \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<strong>\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629&nbsp;<strong>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645.&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631&nbsp;<strong>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0641\u0636\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a (SCR)<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/diesel-particulate-filter-dpf\/\">\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 (DPFs)<\/a><\/strong>. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632<\/strong>\u060c \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u00a0<strong>\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648 6<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u00a0<strong>\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648 7<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-4-catalytic-converter-composition-precious-metals-and-their-role-\">4. \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Pt)<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Pd)<\/strong>\u060c \u0648&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Rh)<\/strong>. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0643\u0640&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062a\u064f\u0633\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong>\u00a0\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u00a0<strong>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/strong>\u00a0\u0644\u00a0<strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/strong>\u00a0(CO) \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0<strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/strong>\u00a0(CO\u2082) \u0648\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u00a0(HC) \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0<strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u00a0<strong>\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong>\u00a0(H\u2082O).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong>\u00a0\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u00a0<strong>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0<strong>\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u00a0(N\u2082) \u0648\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u00a0(O\u2082). \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649&nbsp;<strong>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/strong>\u2014\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645\u2014 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-5-substrate-design-honeycomb-structure-and-efficiency-\">5. \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629: \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u0651\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647. \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.&nbsp;<strong>\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<strong>\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645<\/strong>. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0630\u0627\u062a&nbsp;<strong>\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0644<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627<\/strong>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 (CPSI)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 (CPSI)\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645 CPSI \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627&nbsp;<strong>\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0648&nbsp;<strong>\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649\u060c&nbsp;<strong>\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0642<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 &#034;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629&#034;) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"696\" src=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Cordierite-Honeycomb-Ceramic-Diesel-Particulate-Filter01-1024x696.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062a\" class=\"wp-image-2406\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Cordierite-Honeycomb-Ceramic-Diesel-Particulate-Filter01-1024x696.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Cordierite-Honeycomb-Ceramic-Diesel-Particulate-Filter01-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Cordierite-Honeycomb-Ceramic-Diesel-Particulate-Filter01-768x522.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Cordierite-Honeycomb-Ceramic-Diesel-Particulate-Filter01-1536x1044.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Cordierite-Honeycomb-Ceramic-Diesel-Particulate-Filter01-600x408.jpg 600w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Cordierite-Honeycomb-Ceramic-Diesel-Particulate-Filter01.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/product\/cordierite-honeycomb-ceramic-diesel-particulate-filter\/\">\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062a<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-6-the-evolution-of-emission-control-systems-from-simple-filters-to-complex-systems-\">6. \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c&nbsp;<strong>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/strong>&nbsp;\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a.&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a (TWC)<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0648&nbsp;<strong>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 (DPFs)<\/strong>:\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0642\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0645) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a (SCR)<\/strong>:\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u00a0<strong>\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627<\/strong>\u00a0(AdBlue\u00ae) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0<strong>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-7-impact-of-emission-standards-on-gasoline-and-diesel-catalytic-converters-\">7. \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/strong>:\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u00a0<strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u00a0<strong>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629\u00a0<strong>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629\u00a0<strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629\u00a0<strong>\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 (ECU)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644<\/strong>:\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (PM)<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u00a0<strong>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629. \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 &#034;\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641&#034; \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644\u00a0<strong>SCR<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u00a0<strong>\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0632\u0644<\/strong>\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00a0<strong>\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648 6<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u00a0<strong>\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648 7<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"696\" src=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Peugeot-307-1.6L-Gasoline-Particulate-Filter-Catalytic-Converter-1024x696.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062c\u0648 307 \u0633\u0639\u0629 1.6 \u0644\u062a\u0631\" class=\"wp-image-2376\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Peugeot-307-1.6L-Gasoline-Particulate-Filter-Catalytic-Converter-1024x696.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Peugeot-307-1.6L-Gasoline-Particulate-Filter-Catalytic-Converter-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Peugeot-307-1.6L-Gasoline-Particulate-Filter-Catalytic-Converter-768x522.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Peugeot-307-1.6L-Gasoline-Particulate-Filter-Catalytic-Converter-1536x1044.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Peugeot-307-1.6L-Gasoline-Particulate-Filter-Catalytic-Converter-600x408.jpg 600w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Peugeot-307-1.6L-Gasoline-Particulate-Filter-Catalytic-Converter.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/product\/peugeot-307-1-6l-gasoline-particulate-filter-catalytic-converter\/\">\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062c\u0648 307 \u0633\u0639\u0629 1.6 \u0644\u062a\u0631<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-8-technological-innovations-in-catalytic-converter-design-\">8. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong>:\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062e\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 (EHCs)<\/strong>:\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 EHCs\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629&nbsp;<strong>\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"-9-challenges-and-opportunities-in-meeting-future-emission-standards-\">9. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629&nbsp;<strong>\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648 7<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a<\/strong>:\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u00a0<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 (NH\u2083)<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u00a0<strong>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0632 (N\u2082O)<\/strong>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 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id=\"-10-the-future-of-catalytic-converter-design-meeting-euro-7-and-beyond-\">\u0661\u0660. \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632: \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0667 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0644&nbsp;<strong>\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648 7<\/strong>&nbsp;\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f 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