{"id":6466,"date":"2026-03-10T23:48:38","date_gmt":"2026-03-11T07:48:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/?p=6466"},"modified":"2026-03-10T23:48:41","modified_gmt":"2026-03-11T07:48:41","slug":"three-way-catalytic-converter-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"7 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"introduction\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a (HC) \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NOx). \u062a\u064f\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645.<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u00a0<strong>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627. \u062a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-problem-toxic-exhaust-emissions-and-environmental-impact\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO) \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a (HC) \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NOx) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0647\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a. \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/strong>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0646\u062c\u062d\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"anatomy-of-a-three-way-catalytic-converter\">\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u00a0<strong>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631. \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062a. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Pt) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Pd) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Rh). \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 800 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0642 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0623\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 &#034;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0628&#034;\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=E&amp;q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corning.com%2Fworldwide%2Fen%2Fproducts%2Fenvironmental-technologies.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-chemical-mechanism-reduction-and-oxidation\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d &#034;\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647&#034; \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-reduction-of-nitrogen-oxides-nox-\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NOx)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/strong>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 (N2). \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 78% \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-oxidation-of-carbon-monoxide-co-and-hydrocarbons-hc-\">\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a (HC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642. \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO) \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO2). \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0641\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a (HC)\u060c \u0641\u064a\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 (H2O). \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629.\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 95% \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-importance-of-the-stoichiometric-ratio\">\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u00a0<strong>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 &#034;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629&#034;. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 14.7 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 &#034;\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627&#034; \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 (\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 &#034;\u063a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627&#034; \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 (\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (ECU) \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0636\u0645\u0646 &#034;\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644&#034;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (ECU) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 &#034;\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629&#034;. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645. \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\"><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>\u0633\u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"oxygen-storage-and-ceria-zirconia-technology\">\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627-\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 (\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627-\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u063a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0647. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 &#034;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u062f&#034; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"substrate-design-and-surface-area-optimization\">\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062d\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 400 \u0648600 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/ceramic-vs-metal-catalytic-converter-which-is-better\/\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"635\" src=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Ceramic-vs-Metal-Catalytic-Converter-Which-Is-Better.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u061f \u0623\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u061f\" class=\"wp-image-5614\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Ceramic-vs-Metal-Catalytic-Converter-Which-Is-Better.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Ceramic-vs-Metal-Catalytic-Converter-Which-Is-Better-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Ceramic-vs-Metal-Catalytic-Converter-Which-Is-Better-768x476.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Ceramic-vs-Metal-Catalytic-Converter-Which-Is-Better-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Ceramic-vs-Metal-Catalytic-Converter-Which-Is-Better-600x372.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/ceramic-vs-metal-catalytic-converter-which-is-better\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u061f \u0623\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u061f<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"table-1-comparison-of-precious-metals-in-a-twc\">\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Metal<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Rh)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636<\/td><td>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (NOx)<\/td><td>\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 N2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Pd)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/td><td>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Pt)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/td><td>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/whats-inside-a-catalytic-converter-parts-precious-metals\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"635\" src=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Whats-Inside-a-Catalytic-Converter.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u061f (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629)\" class=\"wp-image-5606\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Whats-Inside-a-Catalytic-Converter.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Whats-Inside-a-Catalytic-Converter-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Whats-Inside-a-Catalytic-Converter-768x476.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Whats-Inside-a-Catalytic-Converter-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Whats-Inside-a-Catalytic-Converter-600x372.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/whats-inside-a-catalytic-converter-parts-precious-metals\/\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u061f (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-role-of-lambda-sensors-and-ecu-logic\">\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (ECU) \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0636\u0648\u0621 &#034;\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643&#034;. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (ECU) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a &#034;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a&#034;. \u064a\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 &#034;\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629&#034; (OBD) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643.\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"thermal-management-and-cold-start-challenges\">\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 250 \u0648300 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 &#034;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631&#034;. \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 (\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 800 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0646 &#034;\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a&#034;. \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646...<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u00a0<strong>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"evolution-of-emission-norms-and-twc-design\">\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629\u064b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 &#034;\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647&#034;\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644...\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0648 6 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 6 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a &#034;\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644&#034;. \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a (TWC) \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0633\u0639\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0627\u0632\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"challenges-poisoning-deactivation-and-maintenance\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u0631\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/strong>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 &#034;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0645&#034; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u064f\u063a\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u060c \u064a\u064f\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0641\u0632. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0637\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u00a0<strong>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/a>\u064a\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0645. \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0636\u0648\u0621 &#034;\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643&#034; \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0636\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"table-2-common-pollutants-and-their-transformations\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/td><td>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/td><td>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO2)<\/td><td>\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0626\u0629 (\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0625\u062a\u0634 \u0633\u064a<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 (H2O) + \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/td><td>\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/td><td>\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (N2)<\/td><td>\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0648\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0627\u0631<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"conclusion\">\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u00a0<strong>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0646\u0627. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6467,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowgdPcCw:productID":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[98],"tags":[1717,1375,1716,99],"class_list":["post-6466","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-guide","tag-oxygen-sensor-replacement","tag-p0420-error-code","tag-p0430-code","tag-three-way-catalytic-converter-2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6466","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6466"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6466\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6468,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6466\/revisions\/6468"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6467"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6466"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6466"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6466"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}