{"id":6546,"date":"2026-04-20T23:41:28","date_gmt":"2026-04-21T07:41:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/?p=6546"},"modified":"2026-04-20T23:41:31","modified_gmt":"2026-04-21T07:41:31","slug":"2026-hybrid-catalytic-converters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/2026-hybrid-catalytic-converters\/","title":{"rendered":"Trojcestn\u00fd katalyz\u00e1tor: Kompletn\u00ed pr\u016fvodce hybridy pro rok 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Specializovan\u00fd<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\"> <strong>t\u0159\u00edcestn\u00fd katalyz\u00e1tor<\/strong> <\/a>je nyn\u00ed srdcem hybridn\u00ed regulace emis\u00ed pro rok 2026. Standardn\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">TWCs<\/a> pro hybridn\u00ed modely z roku 2026 ji\u017e neomezuje. Aby tato vozidla spl\u0148ovala p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed normy, vy\u017eaduj\u00ed vysoce specifick\u00e9, specializovan\u00e9 m\u011bni\u010de, kter\u00e9 jsou navr\u017eeny tak, aby p\u0159ekonaly v\u00fdkon tradi\u010dn\u00edch benz\u00ednov\u00fdch v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f. Tuto popt\u00e1vku podporuj\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00e9 provozn\u00ed profily hybrid\u016f a z\u00e1rove\u0148 i n\u00e1stup mnohem p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch glob\u00e1ln\u00edch emisn\u00edch mand\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-evolution-of-emission-standards-in-2026\">V\u00fdvoj emisn\u00edch norem v roce 2026<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Do roku 2026 se automobilov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl posune sm\u011brem k c\u00edl\u016fm t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nulov\u00fdch emis\u00ed. Regula\u010dn\u00ed org\u00e1ny, jako je Evropsk\u00e1 unie (Euro 7) a Kalifornie (LEV IV), nyn\u00ed vynucuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed limity pro oxidy dus\u00edku ($NO_x$) a pevn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice. Tyto normy se siln\u011b zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na obdob\u00ed \u201estuden\u00e9ho startu\u201c a \u201eemise za re\u00e1ln\u00fdch podm\u00ednek\u201c (RDE).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tradi\u010dn\u00ed vozidla se spalovac\u00edm motorem udr\u017euj\u00ed v\u00fdfukov\u00fd syst\u00e9m tepl\u00fd a \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd d\u00edky nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9mu provozu. Naproti tomu neust\u00e1l\u00e9 cyklov\u00e1n\u00ed hybridn\u00edho motoru zt\u011b\u017euje syst\u00e9mu dosa\u017een\u00ed a udr\u017een\u00ed stabiln\u00ed provozn\u00ed teploty. Toto chov\u00e1n\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 standardn\u00ed m\u011bni\u010de nezvl\u00e1daj\u00ed. Proto se v\u00fdrobci mus\u00ed obr\u00e1tit na<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\"> t\u0159i katalyz\u00e1tory <\/a><\/strong>aby zajistili, \u017ee jejich vozidla skute\u010dn\u011b spl\u0148uj\u00ed z\u00e1konem po\u017eadovan\u00e9 hodnoty \u00fa\u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-hybrid-operation-creates-a-complex-emissions-profile\">1. Hybridn\u00ed provoz vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed komplexn\u00ed emisn\u00ed profil<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Hybridn\u00ed syst\u00e9my funguj\u00ed jinak ne\u017e konven\u010dn\u00ed benz\u00ednov\u00e9 automobily. Tato vozidla \u010dasto p\u0159ep\u00ednaj\u00ed mezi elektromotory a spalovac\u00edmi motory. To vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nekontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed tok v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plyn\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u010cast\u00e9 cykly start-stop:<\/strong>&nbsp;Motor se b\u011bhem jedn\u00e9 j\u00edzdy n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t zapne a vypne.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u010cist\u011b elektrick\u00e9 intervaly:<\/strong>&nbsp;Vozidlo tr\u00e1v\u00ed zna\u010dnou dobu v re\u017eimu s nulov\u00fdmi v\u00fdfukov\u00fdmi plyny.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Restarty s prom\u011bnnou z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e\u00ed:<\/strong>&nbsp;Motor se p\u0159i vysok\u00e9m zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed \u010dasto znovu nastartuje, aby okam\u017eit\u011b poskytl v\u00fdkon.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Poka\u017ed\u00e9, kdy\u017e motor znovu nastartuje, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k prudk\u00e9mu n\u00e1r\u016fstu zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek. Standardn\u00ed\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">t\u0159\u00edcestn\u00fd katalyz\u00e1tor<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0postr\u00e1d\u00e1 rychlost pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto n\u00e1hl\u00fdch v\u00fdbuch\u016f. Proto\u017ee motor b\u011b\u017e\u00ed p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u011b, vy\u017eaduje m\u011bni\u010d specializovan\u00e9 in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed, aby z\u016fstal efektivn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-the-critical-challenge-of-temperature-instability\">2. Kritick\u00fd probl\u00e9m teplotn\u00ed nestability<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A<strong> <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\"><strong>t\u0159\u00edcestn\u00fd katalyz\u00e1tor<\/strong> <\/a>Nejlep\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f dosahuje a\u017e po dosa\u017een\u00ed aktiva\u010dn\u00ed teploty. Tato teplota se obvykle pohybuje mezi 250 \u00b0C a 300 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V hybridn\u00edm vozidle je motor \u010dasto n\u011bkolik minut vypnut\u00fd. B\u011bhem t\u00e9to doby se katalyz\u00e1tor ochlad\u00ed pod sv\u016fj aktivn\u00ed rozsah. Kdy\u017e se motor znovu nastartuje, katalyz\u00e1tor je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 studen\u00fd na to, aby neutralizoval okam\u017eit\u00fd n\u00e1val emis\u00ed CO\u2082 a NO\u2082. Tento \u201etepeln\u00fd \u0161ok\u201c a cyklus rychl\u00e9ho ochlazov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed hlavn\u00ed technickou p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku pro hybridn\u00ed konstrukce z roku 2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-advanced-catalyst-formulations-and-precious-metal-density\">3. Pokro\u010dil\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed katalyz\u00e1tor\u016f a hustota drah\u00fdch kov\u016f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pro boj s n\u00edzkoteplotn\u00ed neefektivitou pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i v hybridn\u00edch <a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">TWCs<\/a>Tyto jednotky obsahuj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentraci kov\u016f platinov\u00e9 skupiny (PGM) ne\u017e standardn\u00ed konvertory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Platina (Pt):<\/strong>&nbsp;Usnad\u0148uje oxidaci p\u0159i ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch teplot\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Palladium (Pd):<\/strong>&nbsp;Nab\u00edz\u00ed vysokou tepelnou stabilitu a rychl\u00e9 reak\u010dn\u00ed doby.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rhodium (Rh):<\/strong>&nbsp;Poskytuje nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed redukci oxid\u016f dus\u00edku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Hybridn\u00ed syst\u00e9my tak\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed optimalizovanou chemii om\u00fdvac\u00edho n\u00e1t\u011bru. Tato chemie zlep\u0161uje ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed kysl\u00edku, udr\u017euje <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">t\u0159\u00edcestn\u00fd katalyz\u00e1tor<\/a><\/strong> pracuje chemicky, i kdy\u017e ve v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plynech nen\u00ed mnoho kysl\u00edku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pgm-loading-comparison-2026-estimates-\">Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed PGM (odhady pro rok 2026)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Typ vozidla<\/th><th>Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd obsah PGM (gramy)<\/th><th>Typick\u00e1 tr\u017en\u00ed hodnota (USD)<\/th><th>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd c\u00edl pro emise<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Standardn\u00ed sedan<\/strong><\/td><td>3 \u2013 5 g<\/td><td>150 \u2013 300 dolar\u016f<\/td><td>Kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed CO\/HC<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Hybridn\u00ed (nap\u0159. Prius)<\/strong><\/td><td>10 \u2013 15 g<\/td><td>450 \u2013 900 dolar\u016f<\/td><td>NOx p\u0159i studen\u00e9m startu<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Luxusn\u00ed SUV<\/strong><\/td><td>8 \u2013 12 g<\/td><td>350 \u2013 700 dolar\u016f<\/td><td>Vysokoobjemov\u00fd v\u00fdfuk<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-integration-of-rapid-light-off-technologies\">4. Integrace technologi\u00ed rychl\u00e9ho zhas\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011btla<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern\u00ed hybridn\u00ed syst\u00e9my v roce 2026 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed hardwarov\u00e9 inovace k udr\u017een\u00ed katalyz\u00e1toru v teple. V\u00fdrobci se nemohou spol\u00e9hat pouze na teplo motoru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Elektricky oh\u0159\u00edvan\u00e9 katalyz\u00e1tory (EHC):<\/strong>&nbsp;Vyu\u017eit\u00edm vysokonap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 baterie hybridn\u00edho vozu k p\u0159edeh\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed keramick\u00e9ho substr\u00e1tu tyto syst\u00e9my zah\u0159ej\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 \u010derpadlo TWC na po\u017eadovanou teplotu je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se motor v\u016fbec nastartuje. In\u017een\u00fd\u0159i instaluj\u00ed t\u0159i katalyz\u00e1tory p\u0159\u00edmo na v\u00fdfukov\u00e9 potrub\u00ed. T\u00edm se zkracuje vzd\u00e1lenost, kterou mus\u00ed teplo urazit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>V\u00edcestup\u0148ov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my:<\/strong>&nbsp;Mnoho hybrid\u016f 2026 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mal\u00fd \u201ep\u0159edkatalyz\u00e1tor\u201c, po kter\u00e9m n\u00e1sleduje v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hlavn\u00ed jednotka. P\u0159edkatalyz\u00e1tor se zah\u0159eje b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika sekund a zvl\u00e1dne po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed \u0161pi\u010dky p\u0159i restartu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-compliance-with-ultra-strict-2026-regulations\">5. Dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed ultrap\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdch p\u0159edpis\u016f z roku 2026<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Do roku 2026 dos\u00e1hnou glob\u00e1ln\u00ed emisn\u00ed normy kritick\u00e9ho bodu zlomu, kdy se nov\u00e1 na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u011b na provozn\u00ed rozd\u00edly specifick\u00e9 pro hybridn\u00ed syst\u00e9my.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Normy Euro 7:<\/strong>&nbsp;Tyto vy\u017eaduj\u00ed 25% sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed emis\u00ed $NO_x$ ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s p\u0159edchoz\u00edmi lety.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Normy \u010c\u00edny 7d:<\/strong>&nbsp;Tyto na\u0159izuj\u00ed testov\u00e1n\u00ed v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m provozu, kter\u00e9 zahrnuje \u010dast\u00e9 restarty motoru.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>LEV IV (Kalifornie):<\/strong>&nbsp;Tato norma se zam\u011b\u0159uje na eliminaci n\u00e1r\u016fstu emis\u00ed p\u0159i \u201estuden\u00e9m startu\u201c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Standardn\u00ed<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u00a0<strong>t\u0159\u00edcestn\u00fd katalyz\u00e1tor<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0v t\u011bchto testech jednodu\u0161e neprojde. Tyto z\u00e1konn\u00e9 po\u017eadavky mohou splnit pouze specializovan\u00e9 jednotky s vysok\u00fdm zat\u00ed\u017een\u00edm PGM a tepeln\u00fdm managementem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-managing-durability-and-condensation\">6. \u0158\u00edzen\u00ed trvanlivosti a kondenzace<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010cast\u00e9 cykly chlazen\u00ed a oh\u0159evu u hybridn\u00edch motor\u016f p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed fyzick\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed. Kdy\u017e se katalyz\u00e1tor ochlazuje, vlhkost z v\u00fdfukov\u00fdch plyn\u016f kondenzuje uvnit\u0159 vo\u0161tinov\u00e9 struktury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tato vlhkost m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chemick\u00e1 deaktivace:<\/strong>&nbsp;Voda naru\u0161uje m\u00edsta s drah\u00fdmi kovy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tepeln\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/strong>&nbsp;Rychl\u00e9 zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed mokr\u00e9ho katalyz\u00e1toru m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit prask\u00e1n\u00ed keramick\u00e9ho substr\u00e1tu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Koroze:<\/strong>&nbsp;Standardn\u00ed ocelov\u00e9 sko\u0159epiny mohou p\u0159i ob\u010dasn\u00e9m zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed rezav\u011bt rychleji.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Specializovan\u00fd katalyz\u00e1tor Model 2026, vyroben\u00fd z vysoce kvalitn\u00ed nerezov\u00e9 oceli a opat\u0159en\u00fd \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00fdm hydrofobn\u00edm povlakem, je navr\u017een tak, aby vydr\u017eel dlouhou dobu \u2013 s p\u0159ehledem dos\u00e1hl sv\u00e9 \u017eivotnosti 150 000 mil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-the-rising-value-of-hybrid-catalytic-converters\">7. Rostouc\u00ed hodnota hybridn\u00edch katalyz\u00e1tor\u016f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00edky slo\u017eitosti t\u011bchto jednotek jsou v\u00fdrazn\u011b cenn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ty, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v automobilech s v\u00fdhradn\u011b benz\u00ednov\u00fdm motorem. Proto\u017ee obsahuj\u00ed a\u017e t\u0159ikr\u00e1t v\u00edce rhodia a palladia, staly se prim\u00e1rn\u00edm c\u00edlem kr\u00e1de\u017e\u00ed. P\u0159evodn\u00edk u Toyoty Prius z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jedn\u00edm z nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00edch jednotliv\u00fdch d\u00edl\u016f na sekund\u00e1rn\u00edm trhu kv\u016fli vysok\u00e9 hustot\u011b u\u0161lechtil\u00fdch kov\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"conclusion\">Z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Specializovan\u00fd<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u00a0<strong>t\u0159\u00edcestn\u00e9 katalyz\u00e1tory<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>pro hybridn\u00ed vozidla ji\u017e v roce 2026 nebudou voliteln\u00e9. Jsou to nezbytn\u00e9 technick\u00e9 komponenty. Kombinace p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e9ho provozu motoru a p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdch glob\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00e1kon\u016f vy\u017eaduje rychlej\u0161\u00ed doby \u201ezhasnut\u00ed\u201c a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed koncentrace drah\u00fdch kov\u016f. Zat\u00edmco tyto pokro\u010dil\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">TWCs<\/a> zvy\u0161uj\u00ed n\u00e1klady na vozidla, jsou jedin\u00fdm d\u016fvodem, pro\u010d si modern\u00ed hybridy mohou v roce 2026 n\u00e1rokovat status t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nulov\u00fdch emis\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Do roku 2026 budou hybridn\u00ed vozidla vy\u017eadovat katalyz\u00e1tory s vysok\u00fdm obsahem PGM a rychl\u00fdm zh\u00e1\u0161en\u00edm, aby se sn\u00ed\u017eily emise p\u0159i studen\u00e9m startu a spl\u0148ovaly p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9 normy Euro 7 a LEV IV.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6548,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowgdPcCw:productID":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[98],"tags":[1785,1175,110,1710,1783,1781,1784,1780,1782,26],"class_list":["post-6546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-guide","tag-automotive-catalyst-upgrade","tag-automotive-emission-control","tag-cold-start-emissions","tag-euro-7-emission-standards","tag-high-pgm-catalytic-converter","tag-hybrid-catalytic-converter-2026","tag-hybrid-exhaust-system","tag-lev-iv-catalyst","tag-nox-reduction-technology","tag-three-way-catalytic-converter"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6546"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6546\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6549,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6546\/revisions\/6549"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6548"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}