{"id":6371,"date":"2026-01-19T18:13:51","date_gmt":"2026-01-20T02:13:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/?p=6371"},"modified":"2026-01-19T18:13:54","modified_gmt":"2026-01-20T02:13:54","slug":"three-way-catalytic-converter-coating","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-coating\/","title":{"rendered":"3 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u062a\u06be\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0679\u0644\u06cc\u0679\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0679\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-introduction\">1. \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u00a0<strong>three way catalytic converter<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0679\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0679\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u0646\u0679\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0646\u06af \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u06be\u0691\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0632\u06c1\u0631\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u06af\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06d2 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646 \u06af\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0622\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0688 (CO)\u060c \u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0688\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0646 (HC)\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0679\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0646 \u0622\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0688\u0632 (NOx) \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0646\u0626\u0631\u0632 \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u06c1 \u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u062c\u0627 \u0633\u06a9\u06d2\u06d4 \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u062b\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0632 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0679\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">three way catalytic converter<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u06a9\u0645 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u06af\u0627\u0691\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0679\u06cc\u0633\u0679 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06c1\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u06af\u062a \u0622\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0686\u06be\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u06c1\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u06c1 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06d2 \u06c1\u0631 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">three way catalytic converter<\/a><\/strong>. \u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0624 \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u06c1 \u0644\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-chemical-composition-and-the-role-of-the-washcoat\">2. \u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 \u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u06c1\u0631\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">three way catalytic converter<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0627\u062a. \u0633\u0628\u0633\u0679\u0631\u06cc\u0679 \u06a9\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0648\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 \u062c\u0644\u062f \u06a9\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-1-the-purpose-of-the-washcoat\">2.1 \u0648\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u0633\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0645\u06a9 \u200b\u200b\u067e\u0631\u062a \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0622\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0688 ($Al<em>{2}O<\/em>{3}$)\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u0622\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0688 ($CeO<em>{2}$)\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0622\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0688 ($ZrO<\/em>{2}$)\u06d4 \u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u0686\u0631\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0633\u0679\u0631\u06cc\u0679 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0644\u0632 \u067e\u0631 \u0644\u06af\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0648\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 \u0628\u0691\u06d2 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u06a9\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06c1 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0646\u06af\u0644\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\"><strong>three way catalytic converter<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>\u06a9\u0626\u06cc \u0641\u0679 \u0628\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u06a9\u0627 \u0631\u0642\u0628\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0631\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u06c1 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-2-precious-metal-distribution\">2.2 \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u0648\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u06c1\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u067e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0645 (Pd)\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0688\u06cc\u0645 (Rh)\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0679\u06cc\u0646\u0645 (Pt) \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u06be\u0644\u0627\u0691\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d\u06cc\u06ba &#034;\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0679&#034; \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u062b\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0648\u0636\u0627\u062d\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u06c1\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0679 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u062c\u06af\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u06c1\u0627\u06ba \u06af\u06cc\u0633 \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0638\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06a9\u0631 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0679\u0633\u06d4 \u062a\u0627\u06c1\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u0631\u06c1\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 &#034;\u06c1\u0627\u0679 \u0633\u067e\u0627\u0679&#034; \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0628\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-how-loading-influences-conversion-efficiency\">3. \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f a\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">three way catalytic converter<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2. \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06c1 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-1-analyzing-non-linear-performance-gains\">3.1 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06c1 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062a\u0627\u06c1\u0645\u060c \u06cc\u06c1 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u06c1 \u062e\u0637\u06cc \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u062a\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u06c1 \u06a9\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06c1\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0631:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062d\u062f \u062a\u06a9 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 (\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u060c 80 g\/$ft^{3}$)\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u06d2 \u0679\u06a9\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0633\u0646\u062a\u0631\u067e\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u06ba:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u060c \u0631\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0628 &#034;\u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f&#034; \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2\u060c \u06cc\u06c1 &#034;\u062a\u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f&#034; \u06c1\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u0636\u06cc\u0627\u0639:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u06c1 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06c1 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0628\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u06af\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-2-cold-start-and-light-off-temperature\">3.2 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0688 \u0627\u0633\u0679\u0627\u0631\u0679 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u0679 \u0622\u0641 \u0679\u0645\u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0686\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0633\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0627\u0691\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u062f\u06cc<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u00a0<strong>three way catalytic converter<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u0679\u06be\u0646\u0688\u0627 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u0628 \u062a\u06a9 \u0631\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u06a9 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0631 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627 \u062c\u0628 \u062a\u06a9 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06cc\u06c1 &#034;\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0679 \u0622\u0641&#034; \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062a\u06a9 \u0646\u06c1 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u06d2 (\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b $250^{\\circ}C$ \u0633\u06d2 $300^{\\circ}C$)\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0631:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0644\u0627\u0626\u0679 \u0622\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062a\u06be\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9\u0679\u06cc\u0648\u06cc\u0634\u0646:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u062a\u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u06a9 \u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0631\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u062c\u0644\u062f \u0628\u06be\u0691\u06a9\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0644:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0633\u062e\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u06cc\u0632 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-specific-roles-of-palladium-and-rhodium\">4. \u067e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0688\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">three way catalytic converter<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06c1\u0631 \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0648 \u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-1-palladium-pd-and-hydrocarbon-control\">4.1 \u067e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0645 (Pd) \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0688\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u0679\u0631\u0648\u0644<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u067e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0622\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u06c1\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 CO \u0627\u0648\u0631 HC \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u06cc\u0646\u0688\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0622\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u06c1:<\/strong>\u00a0\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u067e\u06cc \u0688\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0622\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u06cc\u062a (OSC) \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0646\u06af:<\/strong>\u00a0\u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u062f\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">three way catalytic converter<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0&#034;\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u0631&#034; \u06cc\u0627 &#034;\u062f\u0628\u0644\u06d2&#034; \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06be\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0628 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0635\u06d2 \u062a\u06a9 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06c1 \u0631\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Durability:<\/strong>\u00a0Pd \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u06af\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u06be\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-2-rhodium-rh-and-nox-reduction\">4.2 \u0631\u0648\u0688\u06cc\u0645 (Rh) \u0627\u0648\u0631 NOx \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u06cc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Rhodium NOx \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u06c1\u0646\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u0688\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0679\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0646 \u0622\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0688 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06be\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0691\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0679\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062a\u06cc\u0632 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc:<\/strong>\u00a0Rh \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06c1 \u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u062a\u06cc\u0632 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0688\u0631\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0679\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0631\u0648\u0688\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062f \u06af\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u062c\u0632\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0688 \u06c1\u0648 \u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/th><th>Primary Function<\/th><th>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u06c1<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u0648\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0633\u0637\u062d \u06a9\u06d2 \u0631\u0642\u0628\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/td><td>\u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u062c\u06af\u06c1 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0688\u06cc\u0645 (Pd)<\/strong><\/td><td>HC\/CO \u0622\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0646<\/td><td>\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0679 \u0622\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0688\u06cc\u0645 (Rh)<\/strong><\/td><td>NOx \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0645\u06cc<\/td><td>\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u06be \u06a9\u06d2 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u0622\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0679\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062c (OSC)<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0627\u06cc\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06be\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646<\/td><td>&#034;\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0628\u0688\u0627&#034; \u0648\u0646\u0688\u0648 \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-7-powerful-ways-substrate-and-coating-boost-performance\/\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"635\" src=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Substrate-vs.-Catalyst-Coating-Which-Component-Drives-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter-Efficiency.jpg\" alt=\"\u0633\u0628\u0633\u0679\u0631\u06cc\u0679 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0679\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0679 \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0648 \u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0679\u0644\u06cc\u0679\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0679\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0686\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\" class=\"wp-image-5863\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Substrate-vs.-Catalyst-Coating-Which-Component-Drives-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter-Efficiency.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Substrate-vs.-Catalyst-Coating-Which-Component-Drives-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter-Efficiency-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Substrate-vs.-Catalyst-Coating-Which-Component-Drives-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter-Efficiency-768x476.jpg 768w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Substrate-vs.-Catalyst-Coating-Which-Component-Drives-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter-Efficiency-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Substrate-vs.-Catalyst-Coating-Which-Component-Drives-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter-Efficiency-600x372.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-7-powerful-ways-substrate-and-coating-boost-performance\/\">\u0633\u0628\u0633\u0679\u0631\u06cc\u0679 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0679\u06cc\u0644\u0633\u0679 \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0648 \u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0679\u0644\u06cc\u0679\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0679\u0631 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0686\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-physical-dynamics-pressure-drop-and-backpressure\">5. \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0627\u062a: \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0631 \u0688\u0631\u0627\u067e \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">three way catalytic converter<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0648\u0679 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0633 \u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0648\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-1-washcoat-thickness-and-channel-diameter\">5.1 \u0648\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0679\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0644 \u06a9\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062c\u06cc\u0633\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u0686\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0648\u06ba \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u06c1\u06c1 \u0645\u0648\u0679\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>OFA \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0645\u06cc:<\/strong>\u00a0\u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0648\u067e\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0679\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0627 (OFA) \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u06c1\u0627\u0624 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0645\u062a:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0645\u0648\u0679\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af\u0632 \u0627\u0646 &#034;\u067e\u0627\u0626\u067e\u0648\u06ba&#034; \u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u06af\u06cc\u0633 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0628\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06c1:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0646\u06af \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u0627\u0633\u0679 \u0628\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u06af\u06cc\u0633 \u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0632\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-2-impact-on-engine-performance\">5.2 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u062b\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u062f\u0634\u0645\u0646 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06be\u0646 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0634\u062a:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0628\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06c1 \u06af\u0627\u0691\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0641\u06cc \u06af\u06cc\u0644\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0628\u062c\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u06c1\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u067e\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u06be\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06c1 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06d2 \u0633\u06d2 &#034;\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633&#034; \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0644\u06d2 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0679\u0631\u0628\u0648 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0624:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0679\u0631\u0628\u0648 \u0686\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0688 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646\u0648\u06ba \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0628\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0631 \u0679\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u067e\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06c1 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-mass-transfer-and-internal-resistance\">6. \u0628\u0691\u06d2 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0645\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u0627\u0633\u0679 \u06af\u06cc\u0633 \u06a9\u0648 \u0686\u06cc\u0646\u0644 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u06cc\u0686 \u0633\u06d2 \u0648\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0648\u06ba \u062a\u06a9 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0691\u06d2 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u06c1\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-1-the-wasted-material-problem\">6.1 &#034;\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0634\u062f\u06c1 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f&#034; \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0644\u06c1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062a\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u062a \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0679\u06cc \u06c1\u0648 \u062c\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 ($&gt;30\\mu m$)\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u067e\u06be\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u0624 \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f:<\/strong>\u00a0\u06af\u06cc\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0679\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06d2 \u0646\u06cc\u0686\u06d2 \u062a\u06a9 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u06ba:<\/strong>\u00a0\u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u0648 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u0686\u06be\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0646\u0627 \u0627\u06c1\u0644\u06cc:<\/strong>\u00a0\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-2-optimization-of-pore-structure\">6.2 \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0627 \u06a9\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">three way catalytic converter<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u0688\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0646\u0626\u0631 \u06af\u06cc\u0633 \u06a9\u0648 \u06af\u06c1\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u062a\u06a9 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u0646\u06d2 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0645\u062f\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 &#034;\u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u0632&#034; \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u062a\u0627\u06c1\u0645\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u062c\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u06a9\u06cc \u0646\u0641\u06cc \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-durability-and-long-term-stability\">7. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">three way catalytic converter<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0150,000 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u06c1\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u062a\u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0631\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0628\u06be\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-1-the-mechanism-of-sintering\">7.1 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0679\u0631\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u0679\u0631\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u06c1\u062c\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0633\u0637\u062d\u06cc \u0631\u0642\u0628\u06c1 \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646:<\/strong>\u00a0\u06a9\u0644\u0645\u067e\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u06a9\u06d2 \u0631\u0642\u0628\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0645 \u06a9\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0688\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u0688 \u06c1\u0648 \u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2:<\/strong>\u00a0\u062c\u0628\u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u060c \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0633\u0646\u0679\u0631\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u063a \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u0688\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u06be\u0631\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u0627\u067e\u0627:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0646\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u06a9\u0648 \u062a\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-2-poisoning-and-deactivation\">7.2 \u0632\u06c1\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0631 \u062c\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 &#034;\u0632\u06c1\u0631&#034; \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc \u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0648\u0679:<\/strong>\u00a0\u06cc\u06c1 \u0632\u06c1\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u06af\u06c1\u0648\u06ba \u0633\u06d2 \u062c\u0691\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0628\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0688 \u06c1\u0648 \u0631\u06c1\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 &#034;\u0628\u0641\u0631&#034; \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u062a \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">three way catalytic converter<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u067e\u0631 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u0626\u06d2 \u06a9\u0686\u06be \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0679\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u06c1\u0648\u0646\u0627\u06d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"8-advanced-strategies-zone-coating-and-cgpf\">8. \u0627\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06d2 \u06a9\u06cc \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc: \u0632\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06cc \u062c\u06cc \u067e\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0641<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0627\u06af\u062a\u060c \u0628\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648 \u062d\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2\u060c \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062d\u06a9\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"8-1-the-logic-of-zone-coating\">8.1 \u0632\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u0686\u0631\u0631\u0632 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\"><strong>three way catalytic converter<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u06ba \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631 substrate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0679 \u0632\u0648\u0646:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u06c1 \u067e\u06c1\u0644\u06d2 1-2 \u0627\u0646\u0686 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u06cc\u0632 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0631\u06cc\u0626\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0646:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0648\u06c1 \u0628\u0642\u06cc\u06c1 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u067e\u0631 \u06a9\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0627 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u0648 \u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u0686\u0627\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u0641\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"8-2-twc-coated-gasoline-particulate-filters-cgpf-\">8.2 TWC \u0644\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u06af\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0679\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0679 \u0641\u0644\u0679\u0631\u0632 (cGPF)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0688\u0627\u0626\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0679 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u06a9\u0634\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 cGPF \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u062c\u0644 \u06a9\u0648 \u067e\u06be\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u00a0<strong>three way catalytic converter<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u06af\u06cc\u0633\u0648\u06ba \u06a9\u06d2 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0686\u06cc\u0644\u0646\u062c:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0641\u0644\u0679\u0631\u0632 \u06a9\u06d2 \u067e\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0628\u0633\u0679\u0631\u06cc\u0679\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06d2 \u0628\u06c1\u062a \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u0648\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0624 \u06a9\u06d2 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062a:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0633\u06cc \u062c\u06cc \u067e\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0646\u062a\u06c1\u0627\u0626\u06cc \u062f\u0628\u0627\u0624 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0627\u0632\u06a9 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646:<\/strong>\u00a0Engineers must use very low washcoat loadings (often $&lt;100\\ g\/L$) to maintain engine health.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"9-conclusion-the-future-of-coating-optimization\">9. \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u06c1: \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u06a9\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u00a0<strong>three way catalytic converter<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u06c1\u0648\u0627 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u0626\u06d2 \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06c1 \u06c1\u06d2. \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0633 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0688\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba \u0633\u0628 \u0633\u06d2 \u0627\u06c1\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u062f\u06cc\u06a9\u06be\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06c1\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u0679 \u0622\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u06c1 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06c1\u0645 \u0646\u06d2 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u06cc\u0627 \u06a9\u06c1 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0633\u06d2 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u06c1\u0646\u0686\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0691\u06d2 \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06d2 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u06d2 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0645\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0630\u0631\u06cc\u0639\u06d2 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u06d2 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u06d2 \u06a9\u0648 \u0628\u0691\u06be\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u06ba\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u0686\u0631\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06c1 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2\u06d4 \u0648\u06c1 \u062c\u0648\u06c1\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u062d \u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u062a\u0642\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u06c1 \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u06ba \u06af\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u062a \u062f\u06d2 \u06af\u0627<a href=\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/three-way-catalytic-converter-twc\/\">\u00a0<strong>three way catalytic converter<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u06d2 \u0628\u06be\u06cc \u06a9\u0645 \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06d2 \u0633\u0627\u062a\u06be \u0627\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u06d2 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0644\u06cc\u06d2\u06d4 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u0628\u06cc\u0644\u0646\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0646\u06c1\u06cc\u06ba \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06cc\u06c1 \u0627\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u06cc\u06c1 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u06cc \u06a9\u06be\u0648\u062c \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u0627 \u06c1\u06d2 \u06a9\u06c1 \u06a9\u0648\u0679\u0646\u06af \u0644\u0648\u0688\u0646\u06af \u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u06c1 \u06a9\u06cc\u0679\u0644\u06cc\u0679\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0679\u0631 \u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u06cc\u0633\u06d2 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06c1\u06d2\u06d4 \u06c1\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0648\u0679 \u06a9\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0679\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u06be\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0646 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0628\u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u0634\u0631 \u06a9\u06d2 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u06c1 \u0644\u06cc\u062a\u06d2 \u06c1\u06cc\u06ba\u06d4<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6372,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowgdPcCw:productID":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[98],"tags":[1615,1617,99,1616,1618],"class_list":["post-6371","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-guide","tag-catalyst-durability","tag-precious-metal-loading","tag-three-way-catalytic-converter-2","tag-twc-coating-loading","tag-washcoat-efficiency"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6371","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6371"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6371\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6373,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6371\/revisions\/6373"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6372"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6371"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6371"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6371"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}