{"id":1794,"date":"2025-07-14T03:48:26","date_gmt":"2025-07-14T03:48:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/?p=1794"},"modified":"2025-07-15T13:04:17","modified_gmt":"2025-07-15T13:04:17","slug":"the-essential-guide-to-three-way-catalytic-converters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/the-essential-guide-to-three-way-catalytic-converters\/","title":{"rendered":"The Essential Guide to Three-Way Catalytic Converters"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc xe ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng x\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u1ea9n b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y, b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong>, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng: trung h\u00f2a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t do \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong t\u1ea1o ra. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi kh\u00f3i b\u1ee5i, v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft v\u00e0 nit\u01a1 oxit. B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. N\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1: S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i hai chi\u1ec1u sang b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong> B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u1ec1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i xe c\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n ch\u00ednh g\u00e2y ra s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed S\u1ea1ch, trao quy\u1ec1n cho C\u01a1 quan B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (EPA) \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i xe c\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean: B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i oxy h\u00f3a hai chi\u1ec1u<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c "hai chi\u1ec1u". Nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ef9, tr\u00ean h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe \u0111\u1eddi 1975. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd hai trong ba ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ch\u00ednh: carbon monoxide (CO) v\u00e0 hydrocarbon ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y (HC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c oxy h\u00f3a. B\u00ean trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, oxy t\u1eeb d\u00f2ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi CO v\u00e0 HC. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1ch kim v\u00e0 paladi, \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh hai h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u: carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (H\u2082O). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i hai chi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9 ba: oxit nit\u01a1 (NOx). NOx l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u01b0a axit v\u00e0 ozone t\u1ea7ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n: S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Khi c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i "ba chi\u1ec1u" \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3 ba lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. Volvo l\u00e0 h\u00e3ng ti\u00ean phong, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ba chi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe n\u0103m 1977 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng California, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1981, c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i NOx. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong> M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng x\u0103ng m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc, v\u00ec n\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 hai - kh\u1eed - c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9p n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00ednh "ba chi\u1ec1u".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So s\u00e1nh: B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c hai chi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ba chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c hai chi\u1ec1u<\/th>B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd<\/strong><\/td>Cacbon monoxit (CO), Hi\u0111rocacbon (HC)<\/td>Cacbon monoxit (CO), Hi\u0111rocacbon (HC), Nit\u01a1 oxit (NOx)<\/td><\/tr>
Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td>S\u1ef1 oxy h\u00f3a<\/td>S\u1ef1 oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eed<\/td><\/tr>
Kim lo\u1ea1i x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/td>B\u1ea1ch kim (Pt), Paladi (Pd)<\/td>B\u1ea1ch kim (Pt), Paladi (Pd), Rhodium (Rh)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td>Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i CO th\u00e0nh CO\u2082 v\u00e0 HC th\u00e0nh CO\u2082 + H\u2082O<\/td>Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxy h\u00f3a gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam<\/strong> gi\u1ea3m NOx th\u00e0nh N\u2082<\/td><\/tr>
\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/td>\u0110\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi trong xe ch\u1ea1y x\u0103ng; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng diesel v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t n\u1ea1c<\/td>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tr\u00ean h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng x\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2: H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed8T b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong> V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eau hao trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi "ba chi\u1ec1u" \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ba qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m th\u00e0nh hai qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: kh\u1eed v\u00e0 oxy h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hai qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00fac t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau b\u00ean trong v\u1ecf b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 hai ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gi\u1eefa nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u1eed: Trung h\u00f2a oxit nit\u01a1 (NOx)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t, nit\u01a1 oxit (NOx). Nh\u00f3m kh\u00ed n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi nit\u01a1 v\u00e0 oxy ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao b\u00ean trong xi-lanh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c kh\u1eed c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch NOx. Rhodium (Rh) l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxy kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed nit\u01a1 oxit. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nit\u01a1, sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed nit\u01a1 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i (N\u2082), th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u00fang ta h\u00edt th\u1edf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/strong> 2NOx \u2192 xO\u2082 + N\u2082<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y, ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c rhodium t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y NOx th\u00e0nh oxy nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 kh\u00ed nit\u01a1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxy h\u00f3a: L\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch CO v\u00e0 HC<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai x\u1eed l\u00fd carbon monoxide (CO) v\u00e0 hydrocarbon ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y (HC). Carbon monoxide l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c sinh ra t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Hydrocarbon \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4, ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c oxy h\u00f3a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng oxy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1eed, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 oxy n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i hai ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u00e0y. B\u1ea1ch kim (Pt) v\u00e0 Paladi (Pd) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1ed5 sung oxy v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed CO v\u00e0 HC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a cacbon monoxit:<\/strong> 2CO + O\u2082 \u2192 2CO\u2082<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a hydrocarbon:<\/strong> C\u2093H\u2082\u2093\u208a\u2082 + [(3x+1)\/2]O\u2082 \u2192 xCO\u2082 + (x+1)H\u2082O<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i carbon monoxide \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i hydrocarbon g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m th\u00e0nh carbon dioxide v\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc (H\u2082O).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      T\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sau khi \u0111i qua b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o<\/th>C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/th>Lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/th>Kim lo\u1ea1i x\u00fac t\u00e1c<\/th>S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ra<\/th>C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
      Oxit nit\u01a1<\/td>NOx<\/td>S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt<\/td>Rhodium (Rh)<\/td>Kh\u00ed Nit\u01a1<\/td>N\u2082<\/td><\/tr>
      Carbon Monoxide<\/td>CO<\/td>S\u1ef1 oxy h\u00f3a<\/td>B\u1ea1ch kim (Pt), Paladi (Pd)<\/td>Kh\u00ed cacbonic<\/td>CO\u2082<\/td><\/tr>
      Hi\u0111rocacbon<\/td>HC<\/td>S\u1ef1 oxy h\u00f3a<\/td>B\u1ea1ch kim (Pt), Paladi (Pd)<\/td>Cacbon \u0111i\u00f4x\u00edt v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/td>CO\u2082 v\u00e0 H\u2082O<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3: C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i \u0111a. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9: l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n, l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u1edbp x\u00fac t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n: N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t T\u1ed1i \u0111a<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      L\u00f5i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i g\u1ed1m nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng cordierite, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kim lo\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i r\u1eafn m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ong ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n k\u00eanh song song nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ong l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n ra nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn. M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u00eanh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u00f4 tr\u00ean inch vu\u00f4ng (CPSI), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CPSI cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, trong khi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao:<\/strong> N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 1200\u00b0C (2200\u00b0F).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t:<\/strong> N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u:<\/strong> N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p:<\/strong> C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        Washcoat: T\u0103ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh x\u00fac t\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u201cl\u1edbp ph\u1ee7\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u1ed1p, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u00f4m oxit (Al\u2082O\u2083), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 vi m\u00f4. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u th\u00f4 r\u00e1p, x\u1ed1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ng\u00f3c ng\u00e1ch n\u01a1i c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1m v\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n, gi\u00fap b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee7 kim lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u1ed1m nh\u1eb5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd: Ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        L\u1edbp cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim: B\u1ea1ch kim (Pt), Paladi (Pd) v\u00e0 Rhodium (Rh)<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kim lo\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t m\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • B\u1ea1ch kim (Pt)<\/strong> l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c oxy h\u00f3a tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao trong vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 CO v\u00e0 HC.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Paladi (Pd)<\/strong> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed5 sung c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n cho b\u1ea1ch kim.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Rhodium (Rh)<\/strong> l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c kh\u1eed chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y NOx.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          Chi ph\u00ed cao c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong> c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft (m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m\u201d) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4: C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          M\u1ed8T b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u0111a trong m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. C\u00f3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a xe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t hai bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tinh t\u1ebf<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u1eed v\u00e0 oxy h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf ho\u1eb7c r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u0103ng, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 14,7 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u00ean 1 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u theo kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (14,7:1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • N\u1ebfu h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p qu\u00e1 gi\u00e0u (qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u)<\/strong>s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 oxy \u0111\u1ec3 oxy h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n CO v\u00e0 HC.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • N\u1ebfu h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p qu\u00e1 lo\u00e3ng (qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed)<\/strong>, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxy d\u01b0 th\u1eeba s\u1ebd \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed NOx, v\u00ec ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c rhodium s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf oxy kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed NOx m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            \u201c\u0110i\u1ec3m ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o\u201d cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng r\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p xung quanh \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y, xe s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u00f2ng k\u00edn. C\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn oxy (ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn O2) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111o h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxy. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 (ECU), b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng phun nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u theo th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n: Nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u201ct\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n\u201d, th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 250\u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn 300\u00b0C (482\u00b0F \u0111\u1ebfn 572\u00b0F). D\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a xe cao nh\u1ea5t khi "kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed9i". Khi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed9i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0i ph\u00fat l\u00e1i xe \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eaft m\u00e1y. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ebd tho\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ra kh\u1ecfi \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            • Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd (CCC):<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n g\u1ea7n \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c g\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, th\u01b0\u1eddng trong v\u00f2ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 20 gi\u00e2y.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n (EHC):<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn gia nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c ngay sau khi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i hydrocarbon khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed9i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5: T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

              C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4 t\u00f4; n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Ngo\u00e0i xe du l\u1ecbch ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cho nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong kh\u00e1c nhau. Bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              • Xe t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 xe bu\u00fdt<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Xe m\u00e1y<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Xe n\u00e2ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • M\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • \u0110\u1ea7u m\u00e1y xe l\u1eeda v\u00e0 t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1t c\u1ee7i ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 kh\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                Trong m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Euro \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Tier do C\u01a1 quan B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Hoa K\u1ef3 (EPA) \u0111\u1eb7t ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u00f4 t\u00f4 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t tinh vi thu nh\u1ecf, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u0169 \u0111i\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u1eed v\u00e0 oxy h\u00f3a. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khai th\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1ch kim, paladi v\u00e0 rhodium, n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 l\u00e0nh t\u00ednh. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong s\u1ebd v\u1eabn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u s\u1ebd l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u00fang ta h\u00edt th\u1edf v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Explore our complete guide to Three-Way Catalytic Converters: learn about it\u2019s components, chemical reactions, and critical role in modern vehicles.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1807,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowgdPcCw:productID":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[98],"tags":[103,112,104,106,109,110,32,111,102,107,101,108,105,113,100,99],"class_list":["post-1794","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-guide","tag-3-way-catalytic-converter","tag-automotive-catalyst","tag-car-emissions-control","tag-catalytic-converter","tag-catalytic-converter-function","tag-cold-start-emissions","tag-exhaust-system","tag-how-catalytic-converters-work","tag-nox-reduction","tag-oxidation-catalyst","tag-palladium","tag-platinum","tag-reduction-catalyst","tag-rhodium","tag-stoichiometric-ratio","tag-three-way-catalytic-converter-2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1794","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1794"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1794\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1807"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1794"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1794"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1794"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}