M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh - d\u00f9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u0111a, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i, hay c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai - v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111ua c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, trong khi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 \u1edf California s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 CARB v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 t\u00edch v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- \u0110\u1ed9 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh:<\/strong> Dung t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t m\u00e3 l\u1ef1c cao h\u01a1n t\u1ea1o ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean 5<\/a>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1 inch cho m\u1ed7i 100 m\u00e3 l\u1ef1c 5<\/a>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao, b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u00fat th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 chai \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t 5<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u (TWC) th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u1eed, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hai ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh 1<\/a>M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 diesel th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c hai chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 oxy h\u00f3a carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t (PM) v\u00ec h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng NOx cao c\u1ee7a ch\u00fangx<\/em>\u200b kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt b\u1ed5 sung nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i (EGR) v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u00e1c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc (SCR) 1<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- C\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb b\u1ed9 t\u0103ng \u00e1p ho\u1eb7c si\u00eau t\u0103ng \u00e1p t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y t\u0103ng \u00e1p t\u1ed1i \u01b0u. 6<\/a>. N\u1ebfu b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 t\u0103ng \u00e1p s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng 6<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 5<\/a>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. 6<\/a>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u 6<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t:<\/strong> K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong g\u1ea7m xe ho\u1eb7c khoang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i g\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t g\u1ea7n \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y nhanh ch\u00f3ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng rung \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0103ng cao t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. 25<\/a>. \u0110\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch l\u1eafp b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i xa h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 cao, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n. 25<\/a>T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe (GVW) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 dung t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xi-lanh 5<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
3. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 x\u00fac t\u00e1c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n. 15<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Hoa K\u1ef3 (EPA v\u00e0 CARB):<\/strong> C\u01a1 quan B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (EPA) \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c 11<\/a>. EPA c\u0169ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed Xung quanh Qu\u1ed1c gia (NAAQS) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u01b0 carbon monoxide, nit\u01a1 dioxide, sulfur dioxide, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t, hydrocarbon v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t oxy h\u00f3a quang h\u00f3a 11<\/a>V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2021, EPA \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh m\u1edbi cho xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 xe t\u1ea3i nh\u1eb9, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 2023 12<\/a>. California, th\u00f4ng qua H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed California (CARB), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng 14<\/a>. C\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed S\u1ea1ch n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh hai b\u1eadc ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i cho xe h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eb9: B\u1eadc I (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1994-1997) v\u00e0 B\u1eadc II (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2004-2009), trong \u0111\u00f3 B\u1eadc II bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1eadc x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee5 (BIN 1-10) trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb xe s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n 14<\/a>. C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a B\u1eadc II c\u0169ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh trong x\u0103ng v\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u diesel, v\u00ec l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn 14<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Euro):<\/strong> EU c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng 11<\/a>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i xin ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u 11<\/a>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean to\u00e0n EU, Euro 1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u00f4 t\u00f4 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng x\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ec 13<\/a>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, Euro 6, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2014, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n, v\u1edbi Euro 6d tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2021 13<\/a>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Euro 6 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea7u diesel kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3i ra qu\u00e1 0,08 g\/km NOxx<\/em>\u200b, trong khi xe ch\u1ea1y x\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 0,06 g\/km 13<\/a>. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Euro \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nit\u01a1 oxit v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t 13<\/a>. EU c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i CO22 trung b\u00ecnh cho xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch m\u1edbi, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 95 gam\/km t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2021 12<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c:<\/strong> Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2018, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c xe m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Trung Qu\u1ed1c 5 (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 Euro 5). \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2021, Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Trung Qu\u1ed1c 6a (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 Euro 6) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2023, Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Trung Qu\u1ed1c 6b (nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n Euro 6) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. 12<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1o b\u1ecf n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn xe kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng 21<\/a>Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi NOxx<\/em>v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 x\u00fac t\u00e1c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c 15<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c<\/a> \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cell v\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c hai chi\u1ec1u:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 diesel, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxy h\u00f3a, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i carbon monoxide (CO) th\u00e0nh carbon dioxide (CO22\u200b) v\u00e0 hydrocarbon ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y (HC) th\u00e0nh CO2\u200b v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (H22\u200bO). Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u b\u1ee5i m\u1ecbn (PM) 1<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a> (TWC):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u0103ng, TWC c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u1eed. Ch\u00fang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i CO v\u00e0 HC th\u00e0nh CO22\u200b v\u00e0 H22\u200bO, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u1eed oxit nit\u01a1 (NOx)x<\/em>) th\u00e0nh nit\u01a1 (N22\u200b) v\u00e0 oxy (O22\u200b)\u00a01<\/a>. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng k\u00e9p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3\u00a01<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
![\"Mazda-8-Branch-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter\"](\"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Mazda-8-Branch-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter-1-1024x696.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Mazda-8-Branch-Three-Way-Catalytic-Converter<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd. Hai v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- G\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 (Cordierite):<\/strong> V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m v\u1ed1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5 ong, gi\u00fap t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. 4<\/a>Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00f2n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u1eadt l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c t\u1ea5m n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1edf ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n rung \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t. 34<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kim lo\u1ea1i (L\u00e1 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9):<\/strong> Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb l\u00e1 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc do di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edf l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 19<\/a>Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu va \u0111\u1eadp v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao ho\u1eb7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Nippon Steel \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n 'l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 m\u00e0ng \u03b1' v\u1edbi l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng oxit \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9, mang l\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n axit tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, h\u1eefu \u00edch trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng SCR. 17<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (CPSI \u2013 T\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t inch vu\u00f4ng):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00eanh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i inch vu\u00f4ng m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n. Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n d\u00f2ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cao h\u01a1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 600-1200 cpsi):<\/strong> M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc (GSA) cao h\u01a1n, cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 1<\/a>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng 16<\/a>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, cpsi cao h\u01a1n c\u0169ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y (Rff<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c 7<\/a>. Trong khi vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u00e3o h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n do kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u0103ng l\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng t\u1ea3i kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd 19<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 200-400 cpsi):<\/strong> M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng 9<\/a>. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 diesel nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn do b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng 7<\/a>. \u201cCh\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb\u201d c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 400 cpsi (OS-400) th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee9c t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n 40% so v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (Metal-400) 17<\/a>Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng gian (SV) t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u00edt b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m h\u01a1n khi l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed t\u0103ng. 17<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho th\u1ea5y m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 cell t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 200 cpsi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1974 l\u00ean 1200 cpsi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb 12 mil xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 2 mil 16<\/a>. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ecfng, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n nhanh h\u01a1n 16<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd (PGM):<\/strong> V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00fac t\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim (PGM) nh\u01b0 paladi (Pd), platin (Pt) v\u00e0 rhodi (Rh). Paladi v\u00e0 platin ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a hydrocarbon v\u00e0 carbon monoxide, trong khi rhodi r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed nit\u01a1 oxit. 1<\/a>18<\/a>. T\u1ea3i kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd cao l\u00e0m t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00eau k\u1ebft \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c 1<\/a>Nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1ch kim, n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 3<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u00c1o cho\u00e0ng t\u1eafm:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp x\u1ed1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n. L\u1edbp n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c oxit g\u1ed1c ceria, gi\u00fap t\u0103ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau. 1<\/a>C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano trong l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 x\u00fac t\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 duy tr\u00ec di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cao \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 1000\u00b0C, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 16<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c thay th\u1ebf:<\/strong> Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c thay th\u1ebf, \u00edt t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 Pervoskite, spinel, monel v\u00e0 hopcalite \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u00f4 t\u00f4, do chi ph\u00ed cao v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a PGM 2<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- S\u1ef1 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c:<\/strong> Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00ean ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c 1<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng:<\/strong> T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc b\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c 4<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n:<\/strong> B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 sau khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 "t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n", th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 250-300\u00b0C 10<\/a>. \u0110\u1eb7t b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1ea7n \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n nhanh ch\u00f3ng 10<\/a>. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 Microlith\u00ae c\u1ee7a PCI s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n d\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i, l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t cao 10<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a:<\/strong> M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0u t\u00ednh to\u00e1n (CFD) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i sau, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng t\u1ea1i l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i 19<\/a>. CFD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, gi\u1eef m\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c trong ph\u1ea1m vi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u 19<\/a>. Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n x\u00fac t\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ed1p trong CFD, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ea3n nh\u1edbt v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh 19<\/a>. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00fac t\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (1-D) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, trong khi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ec1u (0-D) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t 19<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
5. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd cao v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- G\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed9i, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 "t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n" (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 250-300\u00b0C) nhanh h\u01a1n 10<\/a>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 25<\/a>Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng rung \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n 34<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- V\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u1eefa \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 g\u1ea7m xe:<\/strong> Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3, gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m thanh 26<\/a>. L\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ea7m xe l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00ec ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t 26<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0110\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng:<\/strong> B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t theo \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra b\u1eb1ng m\u0169i t\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u00e2n b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i 26<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- H\u00e0n v\u00e0o so v\u1edbi bu l\u00f4ng v\u00e0o:<\/strong>\n
- \n
- Ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0o:<\/strong> D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho OEM.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- H\u00e0n v\u00e0o:<\/strong> Cung c\u1ea5p k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao. H\u00e0n MIG th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 21<\/a>. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1ed1ng u\u1ed1n cong \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c 33<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn O2:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn oxy (O2) r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn O2 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n:<\/strong> V\u1ecb tr\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em> B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y theo d\u00f5i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u00fat kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong ph\u1ea1m vi 12-18 inch (25-45 cm) t\u00ednh t\u1eeb \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c \u1ed1ng g\u00f3p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u0103ng \u00e1p, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u00eda sau b\u1ed9 t\u0103ng \u00e1p. 27<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn O2 h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed sau \u0111\u00f3<\/em> b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh m\u1ee9c oxy tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi x\u00fac t\u00e1c 27<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn k\u00e9p:<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec1u xe hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn O2 k\u00e9p, v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1 ngu\u1ed3n theo d\u00f5i hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i 27<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- G\u00f3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t:<\/strong> N\u00fat c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn O2 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf g\u00f3c 10-45 \u0111\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngang \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng n\u00f3. 27<\/a>. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn O2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i 27<\/a>. B\u00f4i h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o ren c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn theo m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng 37<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c cao (th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 538\u00b0C ho\u1eb7c 1000\u00b0F) 29<\/a>, khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a linh ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a xe:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- T\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn nhi\u1ec7t:<\/strong> C\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 (d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ef1a, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, h\u1ed9p s\u1ed1) v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t xe kh\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec7t b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 29<\/a>T\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn nhi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 v\u1ea3i bazan, l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m v\u00e0 l\u1edbp b\u00ean trong b\u1eb1ng silica, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 1.000\u00b0C 30<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Ch\u0103n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u b\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t ra c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh 29<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 g\u1ed1m:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 g\u1ed1m cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t 29<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c khe h\u1edf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t 29<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t thay \u0111\u1ed5i pha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t b\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i 31<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n an to\u00e0n, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 1000\u00b0C, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u1ecfng s\u1edbm 29<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- An to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> B\u01a1m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong ph\u1ea1m vi 12 inch t\u00ednh t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn ra xa v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba nguy c\u01a1 h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n. 29<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
L\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e0:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 32<\/a>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m 32<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong> T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t \u00e1p tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i 32<\/a>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, nh\u01b0ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ecb t\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 21<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd rung \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb rung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t-c\u01a1 v\u00e0 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng. 34<\/a>. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00f9 cho rung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n xe 34<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn EGT:<\/strong> C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i (EGT) theo d\u00f5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau (tr\u01b0\u1edbc\/sau b\u1ed9 t\u0103ng \u00e1p, b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c, DPF) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec7t 35<\/a>. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn EGT \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 (ECU) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u phun, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u0103ng \u00e1p, do \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 35<\/a>. C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn EGT b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e8n \u201cKi\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1\u201d v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef m\u00e3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n 37<\/a>. Trong \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 diesel, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn EGT r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 DPF cho c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o 37<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t chung:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp so v\u1edbi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng:<\/strong> L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1eafp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xe c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1eafp chung, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t 39<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t:<\/strong> Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thay th\u1ebf b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7i ban \u0111\u1ea7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn O2 b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i, r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng s\u1edbm cho b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn m\u1edbi 40<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- An to\u00e0n v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5:<\/strong> Lu\u00f4n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p (k\u00edch xe, gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 k\u00edch, c\u1edd l\u00ea) v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb an to\u00e0n (k\u00ednh b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9). \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o xe \u0111\u00e3 ngu\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. 39<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- L\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 l\u1eafp m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111ai \u1ed1c v\u00e0 bu l\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p 40<\/a>. Kh\u00f4ng b\u00f4i ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecbt k\u00edn ho\u1eb7c keo x\u1ea3 v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c 40<\/a>. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1eadp b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng b\u00faa ho\u1eb7c b\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed 40<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Sau khi c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t:<\/strong> Sau khi l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t, h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 xem c\u00f3 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng 37<\/a>. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2y c\u00e1p c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 n\u00f3ng 40<\/a>. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, x\u00f3a m\u1ecdi m\u00e3 l\u1ed7i li\u00ean quan kh\u1ecfi ECU 40<\/a>. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, h\u00e3y t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p 39<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau l\u1ea1ch c\u1ea1ch t\u1eeb g\u1ea7m xe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ong b\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay th\u1ebf 23<\/a>. B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e8n \u201cKi\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1\u201d do ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i 24<\/a>v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, rung l\u1eafc, ch\u1ebft m\u00e1y v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u 24<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111ang kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong khi vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng Xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin (BEV) \u0111ang ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i do nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng 3<\/a>, xe s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong (ICE) s\u1ebd v\u1eabn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c. C\u00e1c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u00f4 t\u00f4 n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- D\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n:<\/strong> Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Euro 7, c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u CARB nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn:<\/strong> Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc b\u00ean trong m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n d\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi CO, THC v\u00e0 NOxx<\/em>\u200b so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng 18<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c th\u00f4ng minh:<\/strong> Theo suy \u0111o\u00e1n, vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh AI\/ML c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n cho b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c, t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh linh ho\u1ea1t c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 x\u00fac t\u00e1c theo th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- T\u00e1i ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng:<\/strong> Do ngu\u1ed3n cung to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a PGM, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd. 15<\/a>. C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng xem x\u00e9t ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady l\u00e2u d\u00e0i cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 tin. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u00f4 t\u00f4 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3326,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowgdPcCw:productID":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[98],"tags":[438,436,106,431,428,427,433,434,435,432,429,32,424,426,425,437,101,430,108,405,113,26],"class_list":["post-3322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-guide","tag-backpressure","tag-carb","tag-catalytic-converter","tag-catalytic-converter-installation","tag-cell-density","tag-ceramic-substrate","tag-classic-car-restoration","tag-cpsi","tag-custom-build","tag-emissions-regulations","tag-epa","tag-exhaust-system","tag-heat-management","tag-metallic-substrate","tag-o2-sensor","tag-oem-replacement","tag-palladium","tag-performance-upgrade","tag-platinum","tag-precious-metals","tag-rhodium","tag-three-way-catalytic-converter"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3322","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3322"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3322\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3326"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3322"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3322"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3322"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
- V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn:<\/strong> Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc b\u00ean trong m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n d\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi CO, THC v\u00e0 NOxx<\/em>\u200b so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng 18<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t:<\/strong> Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thay th\u1ebf b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7i ban \u0111\u1ea7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn O2 b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i, r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng s\u1edbm cho b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn m\u1edbi 40<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong> T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t \u00e1p tr\u00ean b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i 32<\/a>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, nh\u01b0ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ecb t\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 21<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Ch\u0103n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u b\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t ra c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh 29<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn O2 h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed sau \u0111\u00f3<\/em> b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c, c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh m\u1ee9c oxy tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi x\u00fac t\u00e1c 27<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- H\u00e0n v\u00e0o:<\/strong> Cung c\u1ea5p k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao. H\u00e0n MIG th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 21<\/a>. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1ed1ng u\u1ed1n cong \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c 33<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
- V\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u1eefa \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 g\u1ea7m xe:<\/strong> Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3, gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m thanh 26<\/a>. L\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ea7m xe l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00ec ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t 26<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng:<\/strong> T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc b\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c 4<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u00c1o cho\u00e0ng t\u1eafm:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp x\u1ed1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n. L\u1edbp n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c oxit g\u1ed1c ceria, gi\u00fap t\u0103ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau. 1<\/a>C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano trong l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 x\u00fac t\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 duy tr\u00ec di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cao \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 1000\u00b0C, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 16<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 200-400 cpsi):<\/strong> M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng 9<\/a>. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 diesel nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn do b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng 7<\/a>. \u201cCh\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb\u201d c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o l\u00e0 400 cpsi (OS-400) th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee9c t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n 40% so v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (Metal-400) 17<\/a>Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng gian (SV) t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u00edt b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m h\u01a1n khi l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed t\u0103ng. 17<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
- Kim lo\u1ea1i (L\u00e1 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9):<\/strong> Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb l\u00e1 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc do di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edf l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 19<\/a>Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu va \u0111\u1eadp v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao ho\u1eb7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Nippon Steel \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n 'l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 m\u00e0ng \u03b1' v\u1edbi l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng oxit \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9, mang l\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n axit tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, h\u1eefu \u00edch trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng SCR. 17<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
- B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a> (TWC):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u0103ng, TWC c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u1eed. Ch\u00fang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i CO v\u00e0 HC th\u00e0nh CO22\u200b v\u00e0 H22\u200bO, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u1eed oxit nit\u01a1 (NOx)x<\/em>) th\u00e0nh nit\u01a1 (N22\u200b) v\u00e0 oxy (O22\u200b)\u00a01<\/a>. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng k\u00e9p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3\u00a01<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
- Li\u00ean minh Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Euro):<\/strong> EU c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng 11<\/a>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i xin ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u 11<\/a>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean to\u00e0n EU, Euro 1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u00f4 t\u00f4 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng x\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ec 13<\/a>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, Euro 6, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2014, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n, v\u1edbi Euro 6d tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2021 13<\/a>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Euro 6 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea7u diesel kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3i ra qu\u00e1 0,08 g\/km NOxx<\/em>\u200b, trong khi xe ch\u1ea1y x\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 0,06 g\/km 13<\/a>. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Euro \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nit\u01a1 oxit v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t 13<\/a>. EU c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i CO22 trung b\u00ecnh cho xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1edf kh\u00e1ch m\u1edbi, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 95 gam\/km t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2021 12<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u (TWC) th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u1eed, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hai ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh 1<\/a>M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 diesel th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c hai chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 oxy h\u00f3a carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t (PM) v\u00ec h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng NOx cao c\u1ee7a ch\u00fangx<\/em>\u200b kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt b\u1ed5 sung nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i (EGR) v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u00e1c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc (SCR) 1<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n