{"id":3360,"date":"2025-08-07T07:29:50","date_gmt":"2025-08-07T07:29:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/?p=3360"},"modified":"2025-08-07T07:29:55","modified_gmt":"2025-08-07T07:29:55","slug":"how-exhaust-gas-affects-your-catalytic-converter-the-science-explained","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/how-exhaust-gas-affects-your-catalytic-converter-the-science-explained\/","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i. Vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i - ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 hydrocarbon ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) v\u00e0 nit\u01a1 oxit (NOx) - th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, carbon dioxide v\u00e0 kh\u00ed nit\u01a1.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHk06_xvdVropsfFSnQpAbUF9CJr8HHXp8r_-15Hpml5LH0Z6eVe19M_9-fOaWB1QNA3YWwDsP136MJBPeYhS4vHyczN7zIh6FQpZur1xIOMhKLAlWiRWNC9ExVubsVzFclAQupvAm3oLF63zs=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10<\/a>B\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c nhau, cung c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc tinh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxy h\u00f3a kh\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n \u0111\u01a1n kh\u1ed1i d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5 ong b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m (cordierite) ho\u1eb7c kim lo\u1ea1i (fecralloy), t\u1ea1o ra di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn cho l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 x\u00fac t\u00e1c.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGeNK3ggXI2qrslNPMIiiZqlvIYEKJDu9TUHAZkfwq3HvQ18N42wm-_aag2PXmjHGZz8IQ4hVkqkNGDkP9NMQLkJ1VCfiQtR7ToW4BUkGvC6lJY_VMYcEZL-TXftXMK4h4EMWkeylh4o1WcYuif0QWUnaCP9hQbZIJDPDiss9rQETRGVD98myWOq87MrdnZwPXVBQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">37<\/a>L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp x\u1ed1p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c oxit kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cao nh\u01b0 gamma-alumina (\u03b3-Al2O3), silica (SiO2), titania (TiO2), ceria (CeO2) v\u00e0 zirconia (ZrO2), \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00fac t\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGEte-WvWmglQ_rROO7A783Mr7ihOHb9l1vG8AuXpIXAu5lhPd_h7xtWCRnV8GdwcL9hzdzfsB5rvmTao0YoesnRSmHRPpISRwuCW9phGl9eEB1KcfJfmIEh02GPHAaJFGX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">40<\/a>\u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 r\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 20-40 \u00b5m, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng kho\u1ea3ng 100 g\/dm33 tr\u00ean ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n 200 cpsi (t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t inch vu\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 200 g\/dm33 tr\u00ean ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n 400 cpsi&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF3yO-SpOAVaxJ2cJyaIafJW3z9RaMGoHKW7VcP38KYN_aDZhwbAXdxn1iQ8xIiVq1WfJBmrrorRHlEejl0Hj40g-sYnj8uUPtqAvzfvl_10ZiJpbntB7jngDLH_I3vgJg=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">57<\/a>. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGEte-WvWmglQ_rROO7A783Mr7ihOHb9l1vG8AuXpIXAu5lhPd_h7xtWCRnV8GdwcL9hzdzfsB5rvmTao0YoesnRSmHRPpISRwuCW9phGl9eEB1KcfJfmIEh02GPHAaJFGX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">37<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1. B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c hai chi\u1ec1u<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 diesel, b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c hai chi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a hydrocarbon v\u00e0 carbon monoxide&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHk06_xvdVropsfFSnQpAbUF9CJr8HHXp8r_-15Hpml5LH0Z6eVe19M_9-fOaWB1QNA3YWwDsP136MJBPeYhS4vHyczN7zIh6FQpZur1xIOMhKLAlWiRWNC9ExVubsVzFclAQupvAm3oLF63zs=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10<\/a>. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a b\u1ea1ch kim (Pt) v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c pala\u0111i (Pd) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2. B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u (TWC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>TWC l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3m ba ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ch\u00ednh: oxit nit\u01a1 (NOx), cacbon monoxit (CO) v\u00e0 hydrocarbon ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y (HC)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFMPIt0iunECzKVpeB2j7YA_QiDIoLpxoSExkbcMw1QU6zQBNHCW2lAybTzr31AU6lWVIsNVBHmQEzxzA4y-UCoyk5ZOg_k2Nx04EzeoBUokoTTTX8F-Crfr2GJSis3c_tPY3VrfaxhN5q5VmiQ3vacwC3PSA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">4<\/a>. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tinh t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u1eed, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u (A\/F) h\u1eb9p (\u03bb = 1), th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 14,6 \u0111\u1ebfn 14,8 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u0103ng&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHk06_xvdVropsfFSnQpAbUF9CJr8HHXp8r_-15Hpml5LH0Z6eVe19M_9-fOaWB1QNA3YWwDsP136MJBPeYhS4vHyczN7zIh6FQpZur1xIOMhKLAlWiRWNC9ExVubsVzFclAQupvAm3oLF63zs=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">5<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong TWC ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>B\u1ea1ch kim (Pt)<\/strong>\u00a0V\u00e0\u00a0<strong>Paladi (Pd)<\/strong>\u00a0ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu x\u00fac t\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a CO v\u00e0 hydrocarbon\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFuIJwlfxvCOgvuJNZpQSgS00VNRs4Hk39eg0ZvEvvbx--iCEP22apzBfsyovQBx-85wBc9IxMvO9UlL3sM9JDhNpTqmYtkNFUj5TxthSaVQ1YUV8zNxwMHpGGy_CtkpX_Oxg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a c\u00e1c hydrocacbon, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 propan (C3H8), propen (C3H6) v\u00e0 m\u00eatan (CH4), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a CO\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFuIJwlfxvCOgvuJNZpQSgS00VNRs4Hk39eg0ZvEvvbx--iCEP22apzBfsyovQBx-85wBc9IxMvO9UlL3sM9JDhNpTqmYtkNFUj5TxthSaVQ1YUV8zNxwMHpGGy_CtkpX_Oxg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1ea1t h\u00f3a cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a HC tr\u00ean ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c Pd\/Rh v\u00e0 Pt\/Pd\/Rh dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 105-125 kJ\/mol, trong \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a metan \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFuIJwlfxvCOgvuJNZpQSgS00VNRs4Hk39eg0ZvEvvbx--iCEP22apzBfsyovQBx-85wBc9IxMvO9UlL3sM9JDhNpTqmYtkNFUj5TxthSaVQ1YUV8zNxwMHpGGy_CtkpX_Oxg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rhodium (Rh)<\/strong>\u00a0r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m oxit nit\u01a1\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFuIJwlfxvCOgvuJNZpQSgS00VNRs4Hk39eg0ZvEvvbx--iCEP22apzBfsyovQBx-85wBc9IxMvO9UlL3sM9JDhNpTqmYtkNFUj5TxthSaVQ1YUV8zNxwMHpGGy_CtkpX_Oxg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Rhodium t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a li\u00ean k\u1ebft NO trong NO, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh N2\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF8OqY0eqkOK9hM7yxDDzIEvRevKyDiLOiEOeJmqTQqozXJRc6vmYOQ65kLzpvRzk5mpD00LS9gNRXxq3e9aIvdIeD01qMsgLnyJqvlZtjx-fcLHfGgqLDqysqYvm99TxQu2gfbOgQW6-ZOXbvAqQlIeHDm0gNBuEzIP1jwxCO3EVYt_oOkvsmdkw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh x\u1ea3y ra trong TWC l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Gi\u1ea3m NOx:<\/strong>\u00a02NO + 2CO \u2192 N\u2082 + 2CO\u2082\u200b\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFMPIt0iunECzKVpeB2j7YA_QiDIoLpxoSExkbcMw1QU6zQBNHCW2lAybTzr31AU6lWVIsNVBHmQEzxzA4y-UCoyk5ZOg_k2Nx04EzeoBUokoTTTX8F-Crfr2GJSis3c_tPY3VrfaxhN5q5VmiQ3vacwC3PSA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a CO:<\/strong>\u00a02CO + O\u2082 \u2192 2CO\u2082\u200b\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFMPIt0iunECzKVpeB2j7YA_QiDIoLpxoSExkbcMw1QU6zQBNHCW2lAybTzr31AU6lWVIsNVBHmQEzxzA4y-UCoyk5ZOg_k2Nx04EzeoBUokoTTTX8F-Crfr2GJSis3c_tPY3VrfaxhN5q5VmiQ3vacwC3PSA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a hydrocarbon:<\/strong>\u00a02C\u2082H\u2086 + 7O\u2082 \u2192 4CO\u2082 + 6H\u2082O\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFMPIt0iunECzKVpeB2j7YA_QiDIoLpxoSExkbcMw1QU6zQBNHCW2lAybTzr31AU6lWVIsNVBHmQEzxzA4y-UCoyk5ZOg_k2Nx04EzeoBUokoTTTX8F-Crfr2GJSis3c_tPY3VrfaxhN5q5VmiQ3vacwC3PSA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c oxit kim lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 oxit xeri (CeO2) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf d\u1ea1ng oxit h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p CeO2-ZrO2, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy (OSC)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFuIJwlfxvCOgvuJNZpQSgS00VNRs4Hk39eg0ZvEvvbx--iCEP22apzBfsyovQBx-85wBc9IxMvO9UlL3sM9JDhNpTqmYtkNFUj5TxthSaVQ1YUV8zNxwMHpGGy_CtkpX_Oxg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ec7m c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 A\/F, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u201cc\u1eeda s\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c\u201d v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i cao ngay c\u1ea3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGN28YV0D4WOJLXg_qnEnhc3fYKboQtXpk3fdI0eijse1IExswqHt_9WngydjBALwFUQsmwbkbZ05-CQpnH0BzqWN-weD6tQWPj4PNk4dI-RNLFiljYMP_6xLsJ4mbvW9XUoZwb5Q74S-Bf0Yn22GAQGOJIU7XblPYEm87ARCXgB9FosQaTtWXj7JDw90PvRg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">5<\/a>V\u00ed d\u1ee5, Monolithos Catalysts &amp; Recycling Ltd. \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n PROMETHEUS, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c TWC k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nano Cu, Pd v\u00e0 Rh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u00ean oxit h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p CeO2-ZrO2 v\u1edbi OSC cao, ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c oxit h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFuIJwlfxvCOgvuJNZpQSgS00VNRs4Hk39eg0ZvEvvbx--iCEP22apzBfsyovQBx-85wBc9IxMvO9UlL3sM9JDhNpTqmYtkNFUj5TxthSaVQ1YUV8zNxwMHpGGy_CtkpX_Oxg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.3. B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c Diesel\/NOx n\u1ea1c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 diesel ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ngh\u00e8o (d\u01b0 oxy), khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m NOx tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng TWC truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c oxy h\u00f3a Diesel (DOC):<\/strong>\u00a0Ch\u00fang ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 oxy h\u00f3a CO v\u00e0 hydrocarbon, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n h\u1eefu c\u01a1 h\u00f2a tan (SOF) c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 oxy h\u00f3a oxit nitric (NO) th\u00e0nh nit\u01a1 \u0111ioxit (NO2)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHk06_xvdVropsfFSnQpAbUF9CJr8HHXp8r_-15Hpml5LH0Z6eVe19M_9-fOaWB1QNA3YWwDsP136MJBPeYhS4vHyczN7zIh6FQpZur1xIOMhKLAlWiRWNC9ExVubsVzFclAQupvAm3oLF63zs=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10<\/a>. NO2 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u nh\u01b0 B\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc h\u1ea1t diesel.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>B\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc h\u1ea1t diesel (DPF):<\/strong>\u00a0DPF \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng v\u00e0 tro) t\u1eeb kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i diesel. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1m x\u1ed1p. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng tr\u00ean DPF di\u1ec5n ra theo t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng s\u00e2u, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e2y h\u1ea1t, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e2y h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp b\u00e1nh b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHe-O3qjRYc4JaYeXSR5oC_2WFJN-6bJZho1CoDkjTfM81tQulFf2d8PaZkl_BdRn02jgJ4alcXO2zHZD_pRi-s2m6kGihiopanswvTYsS_5-GCspXXCjuLERxH1-dsq1JgrvIDEU7VKpzznl2MiFKdXskVfksdnAn9YPn8XN22MJwZYkaj_FA7SVtIeBj9o7_MHJb9kirKX35Q6rZscLKmJcwg0DLvNrmqYWFi9fSKrFe3sOQywVmzbGxifb21QMf9J5vpS1NQ5hAhnC5pj-GsFBsWrkVzzldXad9Ll5ZKaEajywXbod1kFhTLrEHPCFmnEHTIFseKZErK22LAE0M-ozoPuA0Psw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">28<\/a>. L\u1edbp b\u00e1nh b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t\u1eeb 20-50 micron\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHe-O3qjRYc4JaYeXSR5oC_2WFJN-6bJZho1CoDkjTfM81tQulFf2d8PaZkl_BdRn02jgJ4alcXO2zHZD_pRi-s2m6kGihiopanswvTYsS_5-GCspXXCjuLERxH1-dsq1JgrvIDEU7VKpzznl2MiFKdXskVfksdnAn9YPn8XN22MJwZYkaj_FA7SVtIeBj9o7_MHJb9kirKX35Q6rZscLKmJcwg0DLvNrmqYWFi9fSKrFe3sOQywVmzbGxifb21QMf9J5vpS1NQ5hAhnC5pj-GsFBsWrkVzzldXad9Ll5ZKaEajywXbod1kFhTLrEHPCFmnEHTIFseKZErK22LAE0M-ozoPuA0Psw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">28<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u1eed x\u00fac t\u00e1c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc (SCR):<\/strong>\u00a0H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng SCR gi\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i NOx b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch phun ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ur\u00ea (ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y th\u00e0nh amoniac, NH3), v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3, amoniac ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc v\u1edbi NOx tr\u00ean ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c zeolit, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh N2 v\u00e0 H2O. Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i NOx trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng SCR b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 NH3\/NOx.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEaHUEJqjvPO8kjI_foKPeQUnW7rL5OhEvWgOuESlr6SyXF_O2DSOqkZBHpogb67DACswTXNKGM_XHw1C3b9bz6vy1if5C3eCDqk9Pe7eGUJPlKnB4DueNOiMGEhsbi9xdd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">48<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGRvwjjt4FOWzVlLlGXRucCl-c6tbAYTDUQ4v119tMT-zFAmOwZkXvYXS1Kg1l9NvIn6wVJIN5COuqX6CG56NRvAIpiKVmIDTyUxMumW_Ecv-lXp_E_85DKOt-3w3Mi7pgTfpMf9wM4Zxmeuuj5Zj4-tJXq8w7I_RcvgX5yf4i7aK-YJJQS9fPNFh7TXEj89otPX8n6p_or7ppcLhaTBT225HzZMVrUP5eRZZdTo_yAoBg=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">38<\/a>M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cao h\u01a1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEZi2fkgnTk03HUWsGtcpyPtxIo6S_kuzu_lCQNO3CWYGoyj_DhmNiulPUcclE8Vrd2gWfeEgG_oGz5aRieHqEM4PAwHcoYN5g0dxGfkkKb-4E5XGIlwj3p4N4XJ8AfP_CKt16eJ7Lf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">38<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i: Ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i (ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng), trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i (ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c) ho\u1eb7c trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i (ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1. Ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hi\u0111rocacbon ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y (HC):<\/strong>\u00a0Do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cacbon monoxit (CO):<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Oxit nit\u01a1 (NOx):<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 NO v\u00e0 NO2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2. Ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y do nhi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u1eadt l\u00fd&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGHx5Hf1LQywTDys5Q2bwDZV68p7uIX23og3AvoQEw0iYenS7zZv5wn9abcS057CdfMH_qzQGzJW7KM0SJUoUObMxGhquTJoll6r0sp4QKoMe530n0JoVE2YppPmn5u6Tz8G0srjhArCfe32A==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">6<\/a>. Ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGHx5Hf1LQywTDys5Q2bwDZV68p7uIX23og3AvoQEw0iYenS7zZv5wn9abcS057CdfMH_qzQGzJW7KM0SJUoUObMxGhquTJoll6r0sp4QKoMe530n0JoVE2YppPmn5u6Tz8G0srjhArCfe32A==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">6<\/a>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i \u0111a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFqt4OssDNC2aXAhiscgaCXjygwYPVfz3YCDrFkFeHP-F7neOqvHj3AvjPQXltmQM9jn70NDNC9GHjppnjmxosHt7XJ3gCfLKECaMJmJIpdhKS2mdV68gF2uVrsqwi_Z7qkclUSVL4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">8<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c x\u00fac t\u00e1c ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ch\u00ec (Pb):<\/strong>\u00a0Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, x\u0103ng pha ch\u00ec l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n ch\u00ednh g\u00e2y ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u00ec. Ch\u00ec, \u1edf c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ec nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1, ch\u00ec(II) oxit, ch\u00ec(II) clorua v\u00e0 ch\u00ec(II) bromua, t\u1ea1o h\u1ee3p kim v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">6<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHk06_xvdVropsfFSnQpAbUF9CJr8HHXp8r_-15Hpml5LH0Z6eVe19M_9-fOaWB1QNA3YWwDsP136MJBPeYhS4vHyczN7zIh6FQpZur1xIOMhKLAlWiRWNC9ExVubsVzFclAQupvAm3oLF63zs=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10<\/a>. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng ch\u1ec9 0,5% tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m 50% hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh (S):<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n, c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh (SO2, SO3, H2S v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i sulfat kh\u00e1c) h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 paladi (Pd)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>. SO2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxy h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh SO3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m \u1ea5m, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh cao (575 ppm) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eaft l\u1eeda so v\u1edbi nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh th\u1ea5p (40 ppm)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ph\u1ed1t pho (P):<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 gia d\u1ea7u b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 k\u1ebdm dithiophosphate (ZDDP), c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ed1t pho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1t ph\u00e1t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, xeri, zirconi, nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 titan phosphat) v\u00e0 k\u1ebdm pyrophosphate\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHHMsM7meIWBhC74MetLuX5107_WvhJCHTVPEmePgWj87woC6VGhoR54ftqUjLRrTvOKdg4W9c_qCvuCx6YoloKxUCc7wRW9LlZ4BFt-qm4ghUFwmHL34YrVG1Imp0BBW00i5-TPZXI7IJYZLoxfggGhenh8yOgJXNPlqFAnGjiPnNo6NQkcJP5ubK6FlcywBmkF71mmG_U5CegLWGVtg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>. C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 Al2O3 v\u00e0 CeO2, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp men b\u1ecbt k\u00edn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 \u0111i qua c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c ph\u1ed1t pho th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e3o h\u00f3a th\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n oxit h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHHMsM7meIWBhC74MetLuX5107_WvhJCHTVPEmePgWj87woC6VGhoR54ftqUjLRrTvOKdg4W9c_qCvuCx6YoloKxUCc7wRW9LlZ4BFt-qm4ghUFwmHL34YrVG1Imp0BBW00i5-TPZXI7IJYZLoxfggGhenh8yOgJXNPlqFAnGjiPnNo6NQkcJP5ubK6FlcywBmkF71mmG_U5CegLWGVtg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">11<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>K\u1ebdm (Zn):<\/strong>\u00a0C\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia d\u1ea7u b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n nh\u01b0 ZDDP, k\u1ebdm chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh oxit trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp men tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch che ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG1xKlW-N9mWt1Bp55yjntJ_44RS9f_5vcqLtG5e8_OaJog6-0R-IBFp-gp5OiOQv_JIOmXvru2J3V6BVJq9q9H2zg5G5N4YqfpOKXE4b7tOD37XeTsiYnY5FM_Rb_mpW19YSaVkIw=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Silic (Si):<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n bao g\u1ed3m r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u00e1t, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 methanol ho\u1eb7c ethanol \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch trong nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u sinh h\u1ecdc) v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecbt k\u00edn silicon\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>. Silica (SiO2) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1eafc l\u1edbp v\u1ecf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn oxy, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n kh\u00ed v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed\/nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u k\u00e9m, t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tro:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1y t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n, tro c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n che khu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGEte-WvWmglQ_rROO7A783Mr7ihOHb9l1vG8AuXpIXAu5lhPd_h7xtWCRnV8GdwcL9hzdzfsB5rvmTao0YoesnRSmHRPpISRwuCW9phGl9eEB1KcfJfmIEh02GPHAaJFGX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">40<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ceria (CeO2) v\u00e0 Ceria-Zirconia (CeO2-ZrO2):<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c oxit h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 A\/F t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHHMsM7meIWBhC74MetLuX5107_WvhJCHTVPEmePgWj87woC6VGhoR54ftqUjLRrTvOKdg4W9c_qCvuCx6YoloKxUCc7wRW9LlZ4BFt-qm4ghUFwmHL34YrVG1Imp0BBW00i5-TPZXI7IJYZLoxfggGhenh8yOgJXNPlqFAnGjiPnNo6NQkcJP5ubK6FlcywBmkF71mmG_U5CegLWGVtg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1<\/a>. Ceria c\u0169ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u1eed v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00eau k\u1ebft \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft Pt-O-Ce b\u1ecb oxy h\u00f3a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHqHArK1U4Zg5TGXsY7P0EmCPD_-dZonkZPNERbbAgYy6JrTcav5lih5ZCVRM2hNJQPl84IKhikvn9fIyPiiIvjkfrRsU_GnNuCsRJg-uNsLvtirWRjs_nFbRJh-ANk-EKHimRjkQCzxNeunRQ8QCe9xbnBzhaPExCvgVF53J0n5ZEqrwZqcpzoVvO8t2L-hPQI7_eWcL7RUPjaO5EoI9dz7WyiZaMgDZr0jS6VK2tDeuPrXkHs3OtR3PmqcuH_cTKprwE4Qi_5yB6dzslV_mh5wvMRhwoALHk4INGnsgrMNxQ_QN2XJ8PqYPX1yFi8CqBiRDmP6iSMSPwcH3S60U6XpFueRz2GOiR5OUQdoSlvKvdUrq6vn2WkEDX72Y5zzg9dfRw2YWNM9Bqjj90=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">24<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Canxi (Ca):<\/strong>\u00a0Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung canxi v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c ph\u1ed1t pho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e1i sinh, cho th\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t ph\u1ed1t pho\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHHMsM7meIWBhC74MetLuX5107_WvhJCHTVPEmePgWj87woC6VGhoR54ftqUjLRrTvOKdg4W9c_qCvuCx6YoloKxUCc7wRW9LlZ4BFt-qm4ghUFwmHL34YrVG1Imp0BBW00i5-TPZXI7IJYZLoxfggGhenh8yOgJXNPlqFAnGjiPnNo6NQkcJP5ubK6FlcywBmkF71mmG_U5CegLWGVtg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">11<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t: C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y quan tr\u1ecdng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.1. Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 H2S v\u00e0 SO2, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c x\u00fac t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00fac t\u00e1c.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQE87jHu4_uEbuUiNnt4tl2K9uH1xwgcSpwNe9gkAeS5TfOr2NSboV3Uc0x6fcxpKv3H1CVFBr3LK_onb4jXpRcxZSR-lPdKfbLiImrIhHzZ7dEOo9kLmu4W8ZCuYHKWiidhrg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">17<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>S\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0H2S ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQE87jHu4_uEbuUiNnt4tl2K9uH1xwgcSpwNe9gkAeS5TfOr2NSboV3Uc0x6fcxpKv3H1CVFBr3LK_onb4jXpRcxZSR-lPdKfbLiImrIhHzZ7dEOo9kLmu4W8ZCuYHKWiidhrg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">17<\/a>. SO2, particularly in diesel exhaust, interacts with copper-chabazite (Cu-CHA) catalysts used for NOx reduction. Studies have shown that SO2 reacts with the [Cu2II(NH3)4O2]2+ complex, forming CuI species and a sulfated CuII complex that accumulates within the zeolite pores\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGa3IBYnHp5VgpRImUvO5bu60e7F4BixFjrliQ35ETPKSA-T30m-JWBkqrRrPKPyi2o1lQ9fP1roLRGVMgYI3PB32sLsCmMnkCMldOT7Ubn8DXGZBGyvF_KdizOnuYussDVPW21vcEIFTzyhZu14PgYBTtLGHp6RLD1588TnnBN_ATsse90-YMm6KeJgsB1dsfUny3ZzOnNlK70TLCaAT2xYkfO2-8Spc4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">18<\/a>. Ph\u1ed5 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 tia X (XAS) x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n sunfat h\u00f3a (SO42-)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGa3IBYnHp5VgpRImUvO5bu60e7F4BixFjrliQ35ETPKSA-T30m-JWBkqrRrPKPyi2o1lQ9fP1roLRGVMgYI3PB32sLsCmMnkCMldOT7Ubn8DXGZBGyvF_KdizOnuYussDVPW21vcEIFTzyhZu14PgYBTtLGHp6RLD1588TnnBN_ATsse90-YMm6KeJgsB1dsfUny3ZzOnNlK70TLCaAT2xYkfO2-8Spc4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">18<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t:<\/strong>\u00a0Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef amoniac (NH3) c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u1eed NOx t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 g\u00e2y r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 amoniac s\u1edbm.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGTfwm7hADWcmAH7SiVwjxSh5BXenJ4UWlKGyelKh2ECDI83uLsLUVe1j8j3SLtGv6kia1Md9hjVcpflURX8x_4HCrkfPDXJ42Sv0dg1c37nRm4qO_n3q1LE7uiaqeRewbKNA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">19<\/a>. N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 SO2 cao h\u01a1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a n\u00e0y\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGTfwm7hADWcmAH7SiVwjxSh5BXenJ4UWlKGyelKh2ECDI83uLsLUVe1j8j3SLtGv6kia1Md9hjVcpflURX8x_4HCrkfPDXJ42Sv0dg1c37nRm4qO_n3q1LE7uiaqeRewbKNA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">19<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh:<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf H2S kh\u1ecfi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1eabn kh\u00ed tr\u01a1 qua l\u1edbp x\u00fac t\u00e1c, cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa H2S d\u1ea1ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFqt4OssDNC2aXAhiscgaCXjygwYPVfz3YCDrFkFeHP-F7neOqvHj3AvjPQXltmQM9jn70NDNC9GHjppnjmxosHt7XJ3gCfLKECaMJmJIpdhKS2mdV68gF2uVrsqwi_Z7qkclUSVL4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">20<\/a>Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i sunfat h\u00f3a (SO42-) v\u1eabn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng sau qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i sinh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh cao, khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGa3IBYnHp5VgpRImUvO5bu60e7F4BixFjrliQ35ETPKSA-T30m-JWBkqrRrPKPyi2o1lQ9fP1roLRGVMgYI3PB32sLsCmMnkCMldOT7Ubn8DXGZBGyvF_KdizOnuYussDVPW21vcEIFTzyhZu14PgYBTtLGHp6RLD1588TnnBN_ATsse90-YMm6KeJgsB1dsfUny3ZzOnNlK70TLCaAT2xYkfO2-8Spc4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">18<\/a>C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh-amoniac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y \u1edf 500\u00b0C, ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t kh\u1eed NOx, trong khi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh-\u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n (600\u00b0C) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGTfwm7hADWcmAH7SiVwjxSh5BXenJ4UWlKGyelKh2ECDI83uLsLUVe1j8j3SLtGv6kia1Md9hjVcpflURX8x_4HCrkfPDXJ42Sv0dg1c37nRm4qO_n3q1LE7uiaqeRewbKNA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">19<\/a>. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00e1i sinh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQE87jHu4_uEbuUiNnt4tl2K9uH1xwgcSpwNe9gkAeS5TfOr2NSboV3Uc0x6fcxpKv3H1CVFBr3LK_onb4jXpRcxZSR-lPdKfbLiImrIhHzZ7dEOo9kLmu4W8ZCuYHKWiidhrg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">17<\/a>. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c SO2 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u diesel c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 diesel\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGa3IBYnHp5VgpRImUvO5bu60e7F4BixFjrliQ35ETPKSA-T30m-JWBkqrRrPKPyi2o1lQ9fP1roLRGVMgYI3PB32sLsCmMnkCMldOT7Ubn8DXGZBGyvF_KdizOnuYussDVPW21vcEIFTzyhZu14PgYBTtLGHp6RLD1588TnnBN_ATsse90-YMm6KeJgsB1dsfUny3ZzOnNlK70TLCaAT2xYkfO2-8Spc4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">18<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi Coking:<\/strong>\u00a0Trong khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed1c h\u00f3a (l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng cacbon) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng hydrocarbon, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a xeri trong ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng cacbon, khi\u1ebfn ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQE87jHu4_uEbuUiNnt4tl2K9uH1xwgcSpwNe9gkAeS5TfOr2NSboV3Uc0x6fcxpKv3H1CVFBr3LK_onb4jXpRcxZSR-lPdKfbLiImrIhHzZ7dEOo9kLmu4W8ZCuYHKWiidhrg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">17<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.2. Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c ph\u1ed1t pho<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ph\u1ed1t pho, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia trong d\u1ea7u b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n nh\u01b0 ZDDP, l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh men:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ed1t pho, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 photphat v\u00e0 k\u1ebdm pyrophosphat, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp th\u1ee7y tinh ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp men tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>L\u1edbp men n\u00e0y b\u1ecbt k\u00edn c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn b\u00ean trong l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7, ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Washcoat:<\/strong>\u00a0H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ed1t pho t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 nh\u00f4m oxit (Al2O3) v\u00e0 xeri (CeO2), t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c photphat \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, xeri, zirconi, nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 titan photphat)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHHMsM7meIWBhC74MetLuX5107_WvhJCHTVPEmePgWj87woC6VGhoR54ftqUjLRrTvOKdg4W9c_qCvuCx6YoloKxUCc7wRW9LlZ4BFt-qm4ghUFwmHL34YrVG1Imp0BBW00i5-TPZXI7IJYZLoxfggGhenh8yOgJXNPlqFAnGjiPnNo6NQkcJP5ubK6FlcywBmkF71mmG_U5CegLWGVtg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n oxit c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, thay v\u00ec tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9c cho c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHHMsM7meIWBhC74MetLuX5107_WvhJCHTVPEmePgWj87woC6VGhoR54ftqUjLRrTvOKdg4W9c_qCvuCx6YoloKxUCc7wRW9LlZ4BFt-qm4ghUFwmHL34YrVG1Imp0BBW00i5-TPZXI7IJYZLoxfggGhenh8yOgJXNPlqFAnGjiPnNo6NQkcJP5ubK6FlcywBmkF71mmG_U5CegLWGVtg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">11<\/a>. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf th\u00eam ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.3. Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u00ec<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ch\u00ec, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb x\u0103ng pha ch\u00ec, l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ec, khi \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y, s\u1ebd l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ed1p, ch\u1eb7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHk06_xvdVropsfFSnQpAbUF9CJr8HHXp8r_-15Hpml5LH0Z6eVe19M_9-fOaWB1QNA3YWwDsP136MJBPeYhS4vHyczN7zIh6FQpZur1xIOMhKLAlWiRWNC9ExVubsVzFclAQupvAm3oLF63zs=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10<\/a>Ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o h\u1ee3p kim v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd (Pt, Pd, Rh), l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHk06_xvdVropsfFSnQpAbUF9CJr8HHXp8r_-15Hpml5LH0Z6eVe19M_9-fOaWB1QNA3YWwDsP136MJBPeYhS4vHyczN7zIh6FQpZur1xIOMhKLAlWiRWNC9ExVubsVzFclAQupvAm3oLF63zs=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10<\/a>. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4.4. Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c Silic v\u00e0 K\u1ebdm<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Silic:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t silicon, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng silica (SiO2) tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m t\u1eafc c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn oxy\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>. Silic l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng tr\u00ean ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1eadt l\u00fd, che khu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn oxy d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed\/nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf suy tho\u00e1i kh\u00e1c.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>K\u1ebdm:<\/strong>\u00a0T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ph\u1ed1t pho, k\u1ebdm t\u1eeb ph\u1ee5 gia d\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh oxit trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp men tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bao ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. S\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i nhi\u1ec7t (thi\u00eau k\u1ebft): T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Thermal degradation, particularly sintering, is a major cause of catalytic converter deactivation, especially at temperatures exceeding 500\u00b0C [L.5.3]. This process involves the irreversible loss of active surface area due to the agglomeration of noble metal particles and the structural collapse of the washcoat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.1. Thi\u00eau k\u1ebft kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Thi\u00eau k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd (Pt, Pd, Rh) \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQET2_mki-ag4AGNjjUi2jjzDNH7Tlzarzatzgbv__nZ8XTaI_goj97pqIi-ySOYlVUbohXVYGSkG29s9LBsgzfM2JXHsQyLsE8xJDVd9IoHkS4n30mwhy9nRIg3yk9DWiaLDYPFX68WXKvgkGmUiohBks6KVJom75pUNNfzqw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">22<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd, ban \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n qua b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 (di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n (ch\u00edn Ostwald)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHqHArK1U4Zg5TGXsY7P0EmCPD_-dZonkZPNERbbAgYy6JrTcav5lih5ZCVRM2hNJQPl84IKhikvn9fIyPiiIvjkfrRsU_GnNuCsRJg-uNsLvtirWRjs_nFbRJh-ANk-EKHimRjkQCzxNeunRQ8QCe9xbnBzhaPExCvgVF53J0n5ZEqrwZqcpzoVvO8t2L-hPQI7_eWcL7RUPjaO5EoI9dz7WyiZaMgDZr0jS6VK2tDeuPrXkHs3OtR3PmqcuH_cTKprwE4Qi_5yB6dzslV_mh5wvMRhwoALHk4INGnsgrMNxQ_QN2XJ8PqYPX1yFi8CqBiRDmP6iSMSPwcH3S60U6XpFueRz2GOiR5OUQdoSlvKvdUrq6vn2WkEDX72Y5zzg9dfRw2YWNM9Bqjj90=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">24<\/a>. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHqHArK1U4Zg5TGXsY7P0EmCPD_-dZonkZPNERbbAgYy6JrTcav5lih5ZCVRM2hNJQPl84IKhikvn9fIyPiiIvjkfrRsU_GnNuCsRJg-uNsLvtirWRjs_nFbRJh-ANk-EKHimRjkQCzxNeunRQ8QCe9xbnBzhaPExCvgVF53J0n5ZEqrwZqcpzoVvO8t2L-hPQI7_eWcL7RUPjaO5EoI9dz7WyiZaMgDZr0jS6VK2tDeuPrXkHs3OtR3PmqcuH_cTKprwE4Qi_5yB6dzslV_mh5wvMRhwoALHk4INGnsgrMNxQ_QN2XJ8PqYPX1yFi8CqBiRDmP6iSMSPwcH3S60U6XpFueRz2GOiR5OUQdoSlvKvdUrq6vn2WkEDX72Y5zzg9dfRw2YWNM9Bqjj90=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">24<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1ch kim:<\/strong>\u00a0B\u1ea1ch kim (Pt) \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb thi\u00eau k\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng oxy h\u00f3a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQET2_mki-ag4AGNjjUi2jjzDNH7Tlzarzatzgbv__nZ8XTaI_goj97pqIi-ySOYlVUbohXVYGSkG29s9LBsgzfM2JXHsQyLsE8xJDVd9IoHkS4n30mwhy9nRIg3yk9DWiaLDYPFX68WXKvgkGmUiohBks6KVJom75pUNNfzqw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">22<\/a>. Vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00eau k\u1ebft Pt l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQET2_mki-ag4AGNjjUi2jjzDNH7Tlzarzatzgbv__nZ8XTaI_goj97pqIi-ySOYlVUbohXVYGSkG29s9LBsgzfM2JXHsQyLsE8xJDVd9IoHkS4n30mwhy9nRIg3yk9DWiaLDYPFX68WXKvgkGmUiohBks6KVJom75pUNNfzqw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">22<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3:<\/strong>\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00eau k\u1ebft. Oxit g\u1ed1c Ceria (CeO2) l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho Pt v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh li\u00ean k\u1ebft Pt\u2013O\u2013Ce m\u1ea1nh, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 \u201cm\u1ecf neo\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00eau k\u1ebft Pt.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFi2bPYzIWmlGJ8AzmTA9MfgBRhhwG-7AafxAWSAEz40tmRizgYwje-PMrB3T59SX-2QW7jAUilC7BeP5M0Qt7B9PO6UjkPUYlhJnHCmx2t9r-SZXilzHFDzey5YrEp0NYgoPd5RvMjNNxJBzUjycpiyS3p\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">23<\/a>. \u0110\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 electron c\u1ee7a oxy trong oxit h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHeQudacIyZLSF4tv9-bYzEm9YZgW_zUMQc_IV-kMZZUVZUhOah5d4uwIP8fD1LoSkPxFIEv-zdiIjccJ4a-gSl1qS4qR24HkfQVsGjTRTawmG8ZGEiDHX93G7XnlyzApojfnBuascvoMnYb3SBTcDtrydIaig7PMSTtT4_DdXJrGf9noslw05-9uDvnS7CiCuyyxUdSlZTDNu2-l1S4Q8ofJURb6Mv_LBiOcfCZJnYJciJdM-J-JHy2GAkaUlNLGHc_pd3IPCSaQ7OUb7boP5YsfUAMOBRguBXVmy9tWoLVE_hAGV1tTBD6MPHX8xKCg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">23<\/a>Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, oxit g\u1ed1c zirconia (ZrO2) ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi Rh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n oxy h\u00f3a, do Rh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 oxit khi Rh \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i oxit\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQET2_mki-ag4AGNjjUi2jjzDNH7Tlzarzatzgbv__nZ8XTaI_goj97pqIi-ySOYlVUbohXVYGSkG29s9LBsgzfM2JXHsQyLsE8xJDVd9IoHkS4n30mwhy9nRIg3yk9DWiaLDYPFX68WXKvgkGmUiohBks6KVJom75pUNNfzqw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">22<\/a>. C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m Pt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea1p tr\u00ean oxit g\u1ed1c ceria v\u00e0 Rh tr\u00ean oxit g\u1ed1c zirconia \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00eau k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai kim lo\u1ea1i\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHeQudacIyZLSF4tv9-bYzEm9YZgW_zUMQc_IV-kMZZUVZUhOah5d4uwIP8fD1LoSkPxFIEv-zdiIjccJ4a-gSl1qS4qR24HkfQVsGjTRTawmG8ZGEiDHX93G7XnlyzApojfnBuascvoMnYb3SBTcDtrydIaig7PMSTtT4_DdXJrGf9noslw05-9uDvnS7CiCuyyxUdSlZTDNu2-l1S4Q8ofJURb6Mv_LBiOcfCZJnYJciJdM-J-JHy2GAkaUlNLGHc_pd3IPCSaQ7OUb7boP5YsfUAMOBRguBXVmy9tWoLVE_hAGV1tTBD6MPHX8xKCg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">22<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u01b0\u1edbc (H2O) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00eau k\u1ebft. \u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 500\u00b0C, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh x\u00fac t\u00e1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00eau k\u1ebft Pd tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHqHArK1U4Zg5TGXsY7P0EmCPD_-dZonkZPNERbbAgYy6JrTcav5lih5ZCVRM2hNJQPl84IKhikvn9fIyPiiIvjkfrRsU_GnNuCsRJg-uNsLvtirWRjs_nFbRJh-ANk-EKHimRjkQCzxNeunRQ8QCe9xbnBzhaPExCvgVF53J0n5ZEqrwZqcpzoVvO8t2L-hPQI7_eWcL7RUPjaO5EoI9dz7WyiZaMgDZr0jS6VK2tDeuPrXkHs3OtR3PmqcuH_cTKprwE4Qi_5yB6dzslV_mh5wvMRhwoALHk4INGnsgrMNxQ_QN2XJ8PqYPX1yFi8CqBiRDmP6iSMSPwcH3S60U6XpFueRz2GOiR5OUQdoSlvKvdUrq6vn2WkEDX72Y5zzg9dfRw2YWNM9Bqjj90=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">24<\/a>. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 H2O, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00edn Ostwald \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng khi c\u00f3 H2O, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m silanol (Si-OH) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft d\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Pd tr\u00ean ch\u1ea5t mang SiO2\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHqHArK1U4Zg5TGXsY7P0EmCPD_-dZonkZPNERbbAgYy6JrTcav5lih5ZCVRM2hNJQPl84IKhikvn9fIyPiiIvjkfrRsU_GnNuCsRJg-uNsLvtirWRjs_nFbRJh-ANk-EKHimRjkQCzxNeunRQ8QCe9xbnBzhaPExCvgVF53J0n5ZEqrwZqcpzoVvO8t2L-hPQI7_eWcL7RUPjaO5EoI9dz7WyiZaMgDZr0jS6VK2tDeuPrXkHs3OtR3PmqcuH_cTKprwE4Qi_5yB6dzslV_mh5wvMRhwoALHk4INGnsgrMNxQ_QN2XJ8PqYPX1yFi8CqBiRDmP6iSMSPwcH3S60U6XpFueRz2GOiR5OUQdoSlvKvdUrq6vn2WkEDX72Y5zzg9dfRw2YWNM9Bqjj90=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">24<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5.2. S\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u Washcoat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y do nhi\u1ec7t, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf:<\/strong>\u00a0Sustained high temperatures can cause the porous washcoat structure to collapse, reducing the available surface area for noble metal dispersion and catalytic reactions [L.5.3]. This is often associated with phase transformations or crystallite growth within the washcoat material.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>S\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m:<\/strong>\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 s\u1ebd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng, ngay c\u1ea3 khi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thi\u00eau k\u1ebft m\u1ea1nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 ceria, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa thi\u00eau k\u1ebft kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd gi\u1eefa kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t mang, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft Pt-O-Ce, r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHqHArK1U4Zg5TGXsY7P0EmCPD_-dZonkZPNERbbAgYy6JrTcav5lih5ZCVRM2hNJQPl84IKhikvn9fIyPiiIvjkfrRsU_GnNuCsRJg-uNsLvtirWRjs_nFbRJh-ANk-EKHimRjkQCzxNeunRQ8QCe9xbnBzhaPExCvgVF53J0n5ZEqrwZqcpzoVvO8t2L-hPQI7_eWcL7RUPjaO5EoI9dz7WyiZaMgDZr0jS6VK2tDeuPrXkHs3OtR3PmqcuH_cTKprwE4Qi_5yB6dzslV_mh5wvMRhwoALHk4INGnsgrMNxQ_QN2XJ8PqYPX1yFi8CqBiRDmP6iSMSPwcH3S60U6XpFueRz2GOiR5OUQdoSlvKvdUrq6vn2WkEDX72Y5zzg9dfRw2YWNM9Bqjj90=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">24<\/a>. X\u1eed l\u00fd nung s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng thi\u00eau k\u1ebft&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGTdzQnFyF6CMXx_jFtpvICwZjBEtioDi7dxIIE1mgS-Zpbv4wYGPX1zVte3FqajW5iYXxLq9-lUrUE0lLnlacNUe04sphRN-Imve3hsmGmLTlmdWWQdyTob5uxLvtosuTRQ_P25yaGBERJlh46jLOJyGQt3REQFyG4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">26<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Suy tho\u00e1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd: X\u00f3i m\u00f2n, che ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t, b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u00f2n d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u1eadt l\u00fd do c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.1. Che ph\u1ee7 mu\u1ed9i than<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y d\u1ea7u diesel, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 che khu\u1ea5t&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF-6iQCSmalVqRMUc-hQ0VTUY2EoNZp4kMQYCHa67jKdl_MVAOmW73isdpotp5CX4tNqN1C1K-PL4a77-dYJco1VsVjA7cuQZDpCblIjQ05vOGZM4Fsejy91sX4PzTLmA9wbZ0Funl3elY_gg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">27<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u00fac t\u00e1c, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF-6iQCSmalVqRMUc-hQ0VTUY2EoNZp4kMQYCHa67jKdl_MVAOmW73isdpotp5CX4tNqN1C1K-PL4a77-dYJco1VsVjA7cuQZDpCblIjQ05vOGZM4Fsejy91sX4PzTLmA9wbZ0Funl3elY_gg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">27<\/a>. Tr\u00ean B\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc h\u1ea1t diesel (DPF), qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng di\u1ec5n ra qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng s\u00e2u, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e2y h\u1ea1t, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e2y h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp b\u00e1nh b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHe-O3qjRYc4JaYeXSR5oC_2WFJN-6bJZho1CoDkjTfM81tQulFf2d8PaZkl_BdRn02jgJ4alcXO2zHZD_pRi-s2m6kGihiopanswvTYsS_5-GCspXXCjuLERxH1-dsq1JgrvIDEU7VKpzznl2MiFKdXskVfksdnAn9YPn8XN22MJwZYkaj_FA7SVtIeBj9o7_MHJb9kirKX35Q6rZscLKmJcwg0DLvNrmqYWFi9fSKrFe3sOQywVmzbGxifb21QMf9J5vpS1NQ5hAhnC5pj-GsFBsWrkVzzldXad9Ll5ZKaEajywXbod1kFhTLrEHPCFmnEHTIFseKZErK22LAE0M-ozoPuA0Psw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">28<\/a>L\u1edbp b\u00e1nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y t\u1eeb 20-50 micron\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHe-O3qjRYc4JaYeXSR5oC_2WFJN-6bJZho1CoDkjTfM81tQulFf2d8PaZkl_BdRn02jgJ4alcXO2zHZD_pRi-s2m6kGihiopanswvTYsS_5-GCspXXCjuLERxH1-dsq1JgrvIDEU7VKpzznl2MiFKdXskVfksdnAn9YPn8XN22MJwZYkaj_FA7SVtIeBj9o7_MHJb9kirKX35Q6rZscLKmJcwg0DLvNrmqYWFi9fSKrFe3sOQywVmzbGxifb21QMf9J5vpS1NQ5hAhnC5pj-GsFBsWrkVzzldXad9Ll5ZKaEajywXbod1kFhTLrEHPCFmnEHTIFseKZErK22LAE0M-ozoPuA0Psw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">28<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c SCR:<\/strong>\u00a0T\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc ph\u1ee7 SCR l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t amoniac (NH3) trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i NOx\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFwLPonR7awH2JtRmgOGo59PFyRZOvG6jr2XFFNZNcuo5ty7d99iLSOEnPgQk5P9wbdybpTU33mO5nxXtk6xcdWzvnTrG1NY7-XOfbiQY2Bdf5fMnzGqXBTpO2LdJ5mb2FFPK378L8fdXD13tWuyZiIw6n-pQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">29<\/a>. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng l\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n, thay v\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFwLPonR7awH2JtRmgOGo59PFyRZOvG6jr2XFFNZNcuo5ty7d99iLSOEnPgQk5P9wbdybpTU33mO5nxXtk6xcdWzvnTrG1NY7-XOfbiQY2Bdf5fMnzGqXBTpO2LdJ5mb2FFPK378L8fdXD13tWuyZiIw6n-pQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">29<\/a>. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c SCR t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a NO2 v\u1edbi b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng SCR nhanh mong mu\u1ed1n\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFwLPonR7awH2JtRmgOGo59PFyRZOvG6jr2XFFNZNcuo5ty7d99iLSOEnPgQk5P9wbdybpTU33mO5nxXtk6xcdWzvnTrG1NY7-XOfbiQY2Bdf5fMnzGqXBTpO2LdJ5mb2FFPK378L8fdXD13tWuyZiIw6n-pQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">29<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng, thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, d\u1ea7u b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n, lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF-6iQCSmalVqRMUc-hQ0VTUY2EoNZp4kMQYCHa67jKdl_MVAOmW73isdpotp5CX4tNqN1C1K-PL4a77-dYJco1VsVjA7cuQZDpCblIjQ05vOGZM4Fsejy91sX4PzTLmA9wbZ0Funl3elY_gg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">27<\/a>. B\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac &#034;gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecf s\u00f2&#034; v\u1edbi l\u00f5i gi\u1ed1ng than ch\u00ec k\u1ebft tinh, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi cacbon v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQESJiUrmGlMaEfZ6q90EroxRse31iuLOOzKeNKCQC_2H_QTyqr3PCX_BtWZSlPkcn4HePuxbLj__pDaZ1Rf0VYPYnhvzCsb2SW8PlFxpDc9cnQwOvjNqAc4n57_OQLjOBn6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">34<\/a>. Ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa mu\u1ed9i than v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n DPF trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFgfyvPs8GTsT_l2Xc6VP45BwrOqQc19gbd3pZ-merXOKEe-260fvjcfHna9zKSLbsfMHR1zZW2eRF97H_6Fdh9yTQ9QRrdq84GVWKrKvvxuDSNqHAiurIaqrwNnDSw4xoscQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">30<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.2. X\u00f3i m\u00f2n l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00f2ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i n\u00f3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00f3i m\u00f2n v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf:<\/strong>\u00a0S\u1ef1 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trong d\u00f2ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHZdvlTyF2EDQ6MaC_eJg9kOhJoDL83iYyaygkW-iYaIg1ySE35ZBMwPSpeLlNOjQud1yHqjqxNRDYUfTEDW8lUUoEhXfPA_wWQbO2E2GUGvuu-lIgOnF9EruU7KSqDrc7LccIWpLlIwTjWSlWeg-mt-HDTW7s_gHbJ-S9WmuSI57p1kwJMVfBw4O6d8QU3hmlEODE_AsV_8mdpc6NrpfcVhsgqpw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">35<\/a>. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c h\u1ea1t, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 g\u00f3c va ch\u1ea1m\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHZdvlTyF2EDQ6MaC_eJg9kOhJoDL83iYyaygkW-iYaIg1ySE35ZBMwPSpeLlNOjQud1yHqjqxNRDYUfTEDW8lUUoEhXfPA_wWQbO2E2GUGvuu-lIgOnF9EruU7KSqDrc7LccIWpLlIwTjWSlWeg-mt-HDTW7s_gHbJ-S9WmuSI57p1kwJMVfBw4O6d8QU3hmlEODE_AsV_8mdpc6NrpfcVhsgqpw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">35<\/a>. D\u00f2ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF-6iQCSmalVqRMUc-hQ0VTUY2EoNZp4kMQYCHa67jKdl_MVAOmW73isdpotp5CX4tNqN1C1K-PL4a77-dYJco1VsVjA7cuQZDpCblIjQ05vOGZM4Fsejy91sX4PzTLmA9wbZ0Funl3elY_gg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">27<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00f3i m\u00f2n:<\/strong>\u00a0S\u1ef1 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3m \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHZdvlTyF2EDQ6MaC_eJg9kOhJoDL83iYyaygkW-iYaIg1ySE35ZBMwPSpeLlNOjQud1yHqjqxNRDYUfTEDW8lUUoEhXfPA_wWQbO2E2GUGvuu-lIgOnF9EruU7KSqDrc7LccIWpLlIwTjWSlWeg-mt-HDTW7s_gHbJ-S9WmuSI57p1kwJMVfBw4O6d8QU3hmlEODE_AsV_8mdpc6NrpfcVhsgqpw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">35<\/a>. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cao v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ecfng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 600\/4, 600\/3, 900\/2) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd c\u0169ng l\u00e0m d\u1ea5y l\u00ean lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHZdvlTyF2EDQ6MaC_eJg9kOhJoDL83iYyaygkW-iYaIg1ySE35ZBMwPSpeLlNOjQud1yHqjqxNRDYUfTEDW8lUUoEhXfPA_wWQbO2E2GUGvuu-lIgOnF9EruU7KSqDrc7LccIWpLlIwTjWSlWeg-mt-HDTW7s_gHbJ-S9WmuSI57p1kwJMVfBw4O6d8QU3hmlEODE_AsV_8mdpc6NrpfcVhsgqpw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">35<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 x\u00f3i m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u1edbp l\u01b0\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i, ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m c\u1ee9ng, x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea1nh b\u1eb1ng v\u1ea3i silica v\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh \u0111a tinh th\u1ec3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGGbJ9M60DyT6UmZBGyIjsOdyOCn___ZPvpxR4TPhYxOS9G0B7iihlNLXscrcV6I9ldSur8h4s_Od43K5EA4n8gkZN-Tm5-G-kTuaW61VlytqD89mUGtI1m25W_vfuJj5Sk2d9a21ShuVchfKDGH5Io1VPDAkwlpJywPSmfG-fZvUx1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">33<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.3. H\u01b0 h\u1ecfng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh xe, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Rung \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Rung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1i g\u1ed1m b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t ho\u1eb7c g\u00e3y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1eafp ho\u1eb7c do \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>S\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec7t:<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c t\u1eaft m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ee9t l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFpP56zvLfyMEhgWnPRQrPDnBxOChgogSPZ-EtNA7ev48Vi7cdS2Ihc9SDoNC8Ivcjtd52MSX4-N6fqzALV18vqdMBy87QHPEviwh1ez2UxWfTJRkOnCthSh35Y1dj9SyiFebewG_u9XCQob45H8xNk-O0isomJxeqFiGPTqGQ3BFGVll5b4O8bzn4Y0rWBnPbUKAqaQkjJ-p63KZtWvp4A7Ee_y5bPQ8V0YZNl83AOrNNRjNuLUvCzOJjtWkCUy_6sw7_Pbng=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">47<\/a>. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c g\u1ea7n nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n nhanh h\u01a1n, l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHZdvlTyF2EDQ6MaC_eJg9kOhJoDL83iYyaygkW-iYaIg1ySE35ZBMwPSpeLlNOjQud1yHqjqxNRDYUfTEDW8lUUoEhXfPA_wWQbO2E2GUGvuu-lIgOnF9EruU7KSqDrc7LccIWpLlIwTjWSlWeg-mt-HDTW7s_gHbJ-S9WmuSI57p1kwJMVfBw4O6d8QU3hmlEODE_AsV_8mdpc6NrpfcVhsgqpw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">35<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>S\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n:<\/strong>\u00a0\u1ee8ng su\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n, ch\u1eb7n d\u00f2ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>. T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 r\u1eeda cao, trong khi l\u00e0m t\u0103ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEAjSYYCfQWRkhMjWuPL0f9JH30sVhBBBhCl3eynsHx0hceGaOMwzQdeLVU3s5OHX0JfPbYjWny1sIOcJRslWMDz1ruOW82ryMboBywkwLOvm18vAhOI-H4rvQRK35bmGL9b_idZ-MzMiE6TzBPYbvuD-DhFnHxb3dUOFQ3rnyQ23U=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">61<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00fac t\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 suy tho\u00e1i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, suy tho\u00e1i nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.1. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u, vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u (A\/F) ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (\u03bb=1) l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGN28YV0D4WOJLXg_qnEnhc3fYKboQtXpk3fdI0eijse1IExswqHt_9WngydjBALwFUQsmwbkbZ05-CQpnH0BzqWN-weD6tQWPj4PNk4dI-RNLFiljYMP_6xLsJ4mbvW9XUoZwb5Q74S-Bf0Yn22GAQGOJIU7XblPYEm87ARCXgB9FosQaTtWXj7JDw90PvRg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">4<\/a>. S\u1ef1 sai l\u1ec7ch so v\u1edbi &#034;c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 x\u00fac t\u00e1c&#034; h\u1eb9p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ngh\u00e8o, kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 NOx cao v\u00e0 CO\/HC th\u1ea5p, trong khi h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 CO\/HC cao v\u00e0 NOx th\u1ea5p.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGN28YV0D4WOJLXg_qnEnhc3fYKboQtXpk3fdI0eijse1IExswqHt_9WngydjBALwFUQsmwbkbZ05-CQpnH0BzqWN-weD6tQWPj4PNk4dI-RNLFiljYMP_6xLsJ4mbvW9XUoZwb5Q74S-Bf0Yn22GAQGOJIU7XblPYEm87ARCXgB9FosQaTtWXj7JDw90PvRg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">5<\/a>. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 A\/F ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn oxy, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGN28YV0D4WOJLXg_qnEnhc3fYKboQtXpk3fdI0eijse1IExswqHt_9WngydjBALwFUQsmwbkbZ05-CQpnH0BzqWN-weD6tQWPj4PNk4dI-RNLFiljYMP_6xLsJ4mbvW9XUoZwb5Q74S-Bf0Yn22GAQGOJIU7XblPYEm87ARCXgB9FosQaTtWXj7JDw90PvRg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">5<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.2. \u0110\u00e1nh l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda sai, khi h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u xi-lanh kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1y \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHlRdNCYx-79TSQtI8cFaByakOuN5xbMUwDcZxnUwdFDUWjJQMHxnCa25izHhdP7mUB4PcU7iDy8O_wWZ8LNml5P0HDZBAZiQizqIIq22e-ewQu2agEJcot5tixGUSVTFNAILW35cQ=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">52<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y:<\/strong>\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda sai khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y \u0111i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHlRdNCYx-79TSQtI8cFaByakOuN5xbMUwDcZxnUwdFDUWjJQMHxnCa25izHhdP7mUB4PcU7iDy8O_wWZ8LNml5P0HDZBAZiQizqIIq22e-ewQu2agEJcot5tixGUSVTFNAILW35cQ=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">52<\/a>. B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 cao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t:<\/strong>\u00a0Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y s\u1ebd b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y b\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ean trong cao (ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng: 1200-1600\u00b0F)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGz9lm7NKjX_EZXLqCNuA3AOmHFfJPqQfL5M1HEV-ZCiKy6h1HAvKCUQgU0cGm8yc0m14pv6khuZpYJncRtfG2F9B0OUHalcmm1PVbLCTFjAStEjSng9JlULSkxrVwq4kEDrOnKm3kNo1Vt94HPMjylJ3Jg87GVi_7uVzv2QLGl3RfWEw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y n\u00e0y b\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00e2y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 2000\u00b0F, l\u00e0m cho b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1i\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGz9lm7NKjX_EZXLqCNuA3AOmHFfJPqQfL5M1HEV-ZCiKy6h1HAvKCUQgU0cGm8yc0m14pv6khuZpYJncRtfG2F9B0OUHalcmm1PVbLCTFjAStEjSng9JlULSkxrVwq4kEDrOnKm3kNo1Vt94HPMjylJ3Jg87GVi_7uVzv2QLGl3RfWEw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">56<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong>\u00a0Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c cao n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tan ch\u1ea3y ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecfng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u00e1nh l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng s\u1edbm, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t xe, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>. C\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng bao g\u1ed3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e8n ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 s\u00e1ng (m\u00e3 P0420 ho\u1eb7c P0430), t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c k\u00e9m, m\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ecb gi\u1eadt, ch\u1ebft m\u00e1y, m\u00f9i l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng qu\u00e1 cao\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF1U2j7vbjb-XUmPGyzIExQasVKOqwnoXHGqly271yBGCPOnIYExdugMrXwTxBCvNxAfRxrfTskgVvBh7Jdtc-lTYApEtkf8GYCj6_Gvzb46iPbCQ6ycDHgHLRW9DyuBmzJoL19QV0=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">55<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u00e1nh l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00e1y ngh\u00e8o (qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed), r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 kim phun nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn oxy b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng khi\u1ebfn h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u qu\u00e1 gi\u00e0u.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGz9lm7NKjX_EZXLqCNuA3AOmHFfJPqQfL5M1HEV-ZCiKy6h1HAvKCUQgU0cGm8yc0m14pv6khuZpYJncRtfG2F9B0OUHalcmm1PVbLCTFjAStEjSng9JlULSkxrVwq4kEDrOnKm3kNo1Vt94HPMjylJ3Jg87GVi_7uVzv2QLGl3RfWEw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">56<\/a>. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda sai v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHlRdNCYx-79TSQtI8cFaByakOuN5xbMUwDcZxnUwdFDUWjJQMHxnCa25izHhdP7mUB4PcU7iDy8O_wWZ8LNml5P0HDZBAZiQizqIIq22e-ewQu2agEJcot5tixGUSVTFNAILW35cQ=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">52<\/a>. B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.3. Chuy\u1ebfn du ngo\u1ea1n gi\u00e0u\/n\u1ea1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong khi c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ngo\u00e0i c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3:<\/strong>\u00a0Excess fuel can lead to carbon deposition (coking) on the catalyst surface, masking active sites and reducing efficiency [L.5.5]. It can also lead to the formation of metal carbonyls (e.g., Ni(CO)4) at lower temperatures and high CO partial pressures, causing catalyst loss [L.5.10].<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u1ea1c:<\/strong>\u00a0L\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxy d\u01b0 th\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c sulfat \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n, kh\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n g\u00e2y ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGa3IBYnHp5VgpRImUvO5bu60e7F4BixFjrliQ35ETPKSA-T30m-JWBkqrRrPKPyi2o1lQ9fP1roLRGVMgYI3PB32sLsCmMnkCMldOT7Ubn8DXGZBGyvF_KdizOnuYussDVPW21vcEIFTzyhZu14PgYBTtLGHp6RLD1588TnnBN_ATsse90-YMm6KeJgsB1dsfUny3ZzOnNlK70TLCaAT2xYkfO2-8Spc4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">18<\/a>. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00eau k\u1ebft kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1ch kim\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQET2_mki-ag4AGNjjUi2jjzDNH7Tlzarzatzgbv__nZ8XTaI_goj97pqIi-ySOYlVUbohXVYGSkG29s9LBsgzfM2JXHsQyLsE8xJDVd9IoHkS4n30mwhy9nRIg3yk9DWiaLDYPFX68WXKvgkGmUiohBks6KVJom75pUNNfzqw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">22<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.4. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed9i:<\/strong>\u00a0During cold starts, the catalyst is below its light-off temperature, meaning it is ineffective at converting pollutants [L.5.1]. This period contributes significantly to overall emissions. The catalyst&#8217;s warm-up time is crucial for light-off\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEZi2fkgnTk03HUWsGtcpyPtxIo6S_kuzu_lCQNO3CWYGoyj_DhmNiulPUcclE8Vrd2gWfeEgG_oGz5aRieHqEM4PAwHcoYN5g0dxGfkkKb-4E5XGIlwj3p4N4XJ8AfP_CKt16eJ7Lf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">38<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tho\u00e1ng qua:<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng cho ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecfi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.5. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The operating temperature of the catalyst is critical. While high temperatures accelerate sintering, a certain temperature is necessary for the catalytic reactions to occur efficiently. For instance, in biomass pyrolysis vapor upgrading, increasing catalyst temperature can counteract deactivation, but the rate of increase needs optimization [L.5.8]. An optimal operating temperature range exists for catalysts, balancing conversion efficiency and minimizing coke formation [L.5.11].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i: Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a xe v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.1. Gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0nh t\u00ednh b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>M\u1ea5t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Chemical poisoning, thermal sintering, and physical masking all lead to a reduction in the number of available active sites on the catalyst surface [L.5.4][L.5.5][L.5.6]. This directly translates to fewer reaction pathways for pollutants.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hi\u0111rocacbon (HC) v\u00e0 Cacbon monoxit (CO):<\/strong>\u00a0Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3m c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Oxit nit\u01a1 (NOx):<\/strong>\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed rhodium ho\u1eb7c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u1eed NOx\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGTfwm7hADWcmAH7SiVwjxSh5BXenJ4UWlKGyelKh2ECDI83uLsLUVe1j8j3SLtGv6kia1Md9hjVcpflURX8x_4HCrkfPDXJ42Sv0dg1c37nRm4qO_n3q1LE7uiaqeRewbKNA==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">19<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong>\u00a0Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a xe, bao g\u1ed3m n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGRvwjjt4FOWzVlLlGXRucCl-c6tbAYTDUQ4v119tMT-zFAmOwZkXvYXS1Kg1l9NvIn6wVJIN5COuqX6CG56NRvAIpiKVmIDTyUxMumW_Ecv-lXp_E_85DKOt-3w3Mi7pgTfpMf9wM4Zxmeuuj5Zj4-tJXq8w7I_RcvgX5yf4i7aK-YJJQS9fPNFh7TXEj89otPX8n6p_or7ppcLhaTBT225HzZMVrUP5eRZZdTo_yAoBg=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">39<\/a>C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFFk0gmxNF01RNlXj9dAgRuqgn_5vEz3EB9IlcAirHYX1vEEBElEb9NC0IoMAfgQoPz6rskQmWrb6rGs9mzbX2mqRfP2_EI774S7ywRuAHPpAGG6FVdsdyd9efsW_YO6sJVueDE8YiMmAh82guiWwaTDSLOgd1ZPncscyJd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">46<\/a>. \u1ede v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1ea5p, ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, trong khi ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u1edf v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng gian cao do di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGRvwjjt4FOWzVlLlGXRucCl-c6tbAYTDUQ4v119tMT-zFAmOwZkXvYXS1Kg1l9NvIn6wVJIN5COuqX6CG56NRvAIpiKVmIDTyUxMumW_Ecv-lXp_E_85DKOt-3w3Mi7pgTfpMf9wM4Zxmeuuj5Zj4-tJXq8w7I_RcvgX5yf4i7aK-YJJQS9fPNFh7TXEj89otPX8n6p_or7ppcLhaTBT225HzZMVrUP5eRZZdTo_yAoBg=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">39<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.2. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n cao (T50, T90)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n (T50 ho\u1eb7c T90, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 50% ho\u1eb7c 90% ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>T\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 khi t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n:<\/strong>\u00a0Catalyst deactivation, whether due to poisoning, coking, or thermal degradation, invariably leads to an increase in the light-off temperature required for efficient pollutant conversion [L.5.1]. This means the catalyst takes longer to become effective after a cold start, leading to higher emissions during the warm-up phase.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf:<\/strong>\u00a0The increase in light-off temperature is a direct result of the reduced active surface area and the diminished intrinsic activity of the catalyst. For instance, strong CO adsorption on catalytic sites can impede O2 adsorption at low CO conversions, resulting in U-shaped light-off curves [L.5.9]. Once CO desorbs, the reaction proceeds rapidly [L.5.9].<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1:<\/strong>\u00a0Light-off temperature varies with engine speed and torque due to changes in exhaust flow rate [L.5.2]. Light-off curves are highly dependent on reaction conditions, making extrapolation to other conditions (flow rates, catalyst amount, reactant concentrations) challenging [L.5.11].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.3. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>T\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i t\u1eeb \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3:<\/strong>\u00a0Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00e1y t\u0103ng cao c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u hydrocarbon ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y, carbon monoxide v\u00e0 nit\u01a1 oxit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3i v\u00e0o kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i:<\/strong>\u00a0Nh\u1eefng xe c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1ecb xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>M\u00e3 l\u1ed7i ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n:<\/strong>\u00a0Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c k\u00e9m th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t m\u00e3 l\u1ed7i ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n (DTC) nh\u01b0 P0420 ho\u1eb7c P0430, cho bi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">53<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 x\u00fac t\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 suy gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u00f4 t\u00f4. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.1. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGa3IBYnHp5VgpRImUvO5bu60e7F4BixFjrliQ35ETPKSA-T30m-JWBkqrRrPKPyi2o1lQ9fP1roLRGVMgYI3PB32sLsCmMnkCMldOT7Ubn8DXGZBGyvF_KdizOnuYussDVPW21vcEIFTzyhZu14PgYBTtLGHp6RLD1588TnnBN_ATsse90-YMm6KeJgsB1dsfUny3ZzOnNlK70TLCaAT2xYkfO2-8Spc4=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">18<\/a>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh \u0111i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ea3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>D\u1ea7u \u00edt ph\u1ed1t pho\/k\u1ebdm:<\/strong>\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c thay th\u1ebf k\u1ebdm dithiophosphate (ZDDP) trong d\u1ea7u b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ph\u1ed1t pho v\u00e0 k\u1ebdm\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFWlYXJ5060Wa4w4HutzSCVRSwsuxOoTGmlu18p3HzZsV2OdQHnIk8Lf_tmOwKmdzOcWjoqPtNTzCE_QQem9-HojZnMfxyOOFVFuelLZXZFClW3c8xgoqiGIQ2RZrdmCVvnxbW0Qc0wdKdMhmkBuLiJlVc782LmeDA-yI9z1bZuYMq0kGQK6xtmYMlUEF1NvBcHYQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>. Ph\u1ee5 gia thay th\u1ebf k\u1ebdm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ZDDP\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFWlYXJ5060Wa4w4HutzSCVRSwsuxOoTGmlu18p3HzZsV2OdQHnIk8Lf_tmOwKmdzOcWjoqPtNTzCE_QQem9-HojZnMfxyOOFVFuelLZXZFClW3c8xgoqiGIQ2RZrdmCVvnxbW0Qc0wdKdMhmkBuLiJlVc782LmeDA-yI9z1bZuYMq0kGQK6xtmYMlUEF1NvBcHYQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">15<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.2. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>S\u1eeda l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda nhanh ch\u00f3ng:<\/strong>\u00a0H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda sai\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHlRdNCYx-79TSQtI8cFaByakOuN5xbMUwDcZxnUwdFDUWjJQMHxnCa25izHhdP7mUB4PcU7iDy8O_wWZ8LNml5P0HDZBAZiQizqIIq22e-ewQu2agEJcot5tixGUSVTFNAILW35cQ=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">52<\/a>. X\u1eed l\u00fd k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u, kim phun nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 v\u00e0 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u00e1t ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c, do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFkY3HdVxkIM0e46r-_s_4SsKQRMl9KS2ZI5Jt8xbr_GIFdWjeFAp2TDaJaUlmajsmfEZYWSexWBu9iulcNON3bJBdVESvvfM_kMBFMhY538a5xzbKbEk3dr3kE0issTFx3zLyXLNk=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c:<\/strong>\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed1i \u01b0u cho TWC l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGN28YV0D4WOJLXg_qnEnhc3fYKboQtXpk3fdI0eijse1IExswqHt_9WngydjBALwFUQsmwbkbZ05-CQpnH0BzqWN-weD6tQWPj4PNk4dI-RNLFiljYMP_6xLsJ4mbvW9XUoZwb5Q74S-Bf0Yn22GAQGOJIU7XblPYEm87ARCXgB9FosQaTtWXj7JDw90PvRg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">5<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5:<\/strong>\u00a0S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 r\u1eafn (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u00f4m oxit, than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh, cordierite, zeolit) \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ed1t pho kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng gi\u00f3 cacte v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.3. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee7 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Washcoat c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u tr\u00e1ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 gamma-alumina (\u03b3-Al2O3), zeolit, silica (SiO2), titania (TiO2), ceria (CeO2), zirconia (ZrO2), vanadi (V2O5) v\u00e0 lanthanum oxide (La2O3) li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ri\u00eang cao h\u01a1n (BET th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 100-200 m22\/g) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF3yO-SpOAVaxJ2cJyaIafJW3z9RaMGoHKW7VcP38KYN_aDZhwbAXdxn1iQ8xIiVq1WfJBmrrorRHlEejl0Hj40g-sYnj8uUPtqAvzfvl_10ZiJpbntB7jngDLH_I3vgJg=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">57<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ph\u1ee5 gia:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia nh\u01b0 silica kh\u00f3i AEROSIL c\u1ee7a Evonik, ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n silica AERODISP v\u00e0 AEROPERL (silica kh\u00f3i, titan, oxit nh\u00f4m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp x\u00fac t\u00e1c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEa3wwLMnwuXk0Ygq_oxRQhk9Vh6R1Bs0iHxg_ONTpScW6y9_w1tLfenZiCe1HQh_s8jSaLzK3cmOFq-n0hyvOsYZ5YprqavB5usrzR27qIcMBsnQtsovrBaOoQjUT5aYD8gfKr1rUMRZRI3Uw437vhYIIcPn3ZkH8=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">58<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u00c1o kho\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp:<\/strong>\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp, t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF3yO-SpOAVaxJ2cJyaIafJW3z9RaMGoHKW7VcP38KYN_aDZhwbAXdxn1iQ8xIiVq1WfJBmrrorRHlEejl0Hj40g-sYnj8uUPtqAvzfvl_10ZiJpbntB7jngDLH_I3vgJg=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">57<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c m\u1edbi:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i-h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ea1nh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: li\u00ean k\u1ebft Pt-O-Ce) \u0111\u1ec3 neo c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00eau k\u1ebft, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao h\u01a1n\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQFi2bPYzIWmlGJ8AzmTA9MfgBRhhwG-7AafxAWSAEz40tmRizgYwje-PMrB3T59SX-2QW7jAUilC7BeP5M0Qt7B9PO6UjkPUYlhJnHCmx2t9r-SZXilzHFDzey5YrEp0NYgoPd5RvMjNNxJBzUjycpiyS3p\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">23<\/a>. M\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1i \u01b0u bao g\u1ed3m Pt tr\u00ean oxit g\u1ed1c ceria v\u00e0 Rh tr\u00ean oxit g\u1ed1c zirconia\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQET2_mki-ag4AGNjjUi2jjzDNH7Tlzarzatzgbv__nZ8XTaI_goj97pqIi-ySOYlVUbohXVYGSkG29s9LBsgzfM2JXHsQyLsE8xJDVd9IoHkS4n30mwhy9nRIg3yk9DWiaLDYPFX68WXKvgkGmUiohBks6KVJom75pUNNfzqw==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">22<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hai kim lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c x\u00fac t\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 K6 ba kim lo\u1ea1i (Pt:Pd:Rh) v\u00e0 K7 hai kim lo\u1ea1i (Pd+Pd:Rh), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u1eed NOx c\u1ee7a Pt:Rh v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng oxy h\u00f3a HC c\u1ee7a Pd, th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t quang, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGeL_e93GF9k3m_ZDesVkW2RBMCUcLFJYCmye6iVH5Upfrs2-rGwJre4Ij1t4HY5080KTkR7-HBXtaNFQGVULTjAhFAjxvMbUQBXydkDT07ViShqu0PFDO0XAgJqTNTXjuUgGbNGfGQCWe1TXd3pTcxj-GQdU4dLnTUWgU=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">59<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Perovskite v\u00e0 Oxit h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>\u00a0Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c oxit h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac perovskite mang l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh cao v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 thi\u00eau k\u1ebft t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.4. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u1ec1n m\u1edbi l\u1ea1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong>\u00a0C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n trong l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 r\u1eeda.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGeL_e93GF9k3m_ZDesVkW2RBMCUcLFJYCmye6iVH5Upfrs2-rGwJre4Ij1t4HY5080KTkR7-HBXtaNFQGVULTjAhFAjxvMbUQBXydkDT07ViShqu0PFDO0XAgJqTNTXjuUgGbNGfGQCWe1TXd3pTcxj-GQdU4dLnTUWgU=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">59<\/a>. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 l\u1edbp v\u1ecf t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0n\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQGeNK3ggXI2qrslNPMIiiZqlvIYEKJDu9TUHAZkfwq3HvQ18N42wm-_aag2PXmjHGZz8IQ4hVkqkNGDkP9NMQLkJ1VCfiQtR7ToW4BUkGvC6lJY_VMYcEZL-TXftXMK4h4EMWkeylh4o1WcYuif0QWUnaCP9hQbZIJDPDiss9rQETRGVD98myWOq87MrdnZwPXVBQ==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">37<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cao v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh m\u1ecfng:<\/strong>\u00a0Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o cao h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i cao h\u01a1n\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEAjSYYCfQWRkhMjWuPL0f9JH30sVhBBBhCl3eynsHx0hceGaOMwzQdeLVU3s5OHX0JfPbYjWny1sIOcJRslWMDz1ruOW82ryMboBywkwLOvm18vAhOI-H4rvQRK35bmGL9b_idZ-MzMiE6TzBPYbvuD-DhFnHxb3dUOFQ3rnyQ23U=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">61<\/a>Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng r\u1eeda cao tr\u00ean c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u1eadt l\u00fd\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEAjSYYCfQWRkhMjWuPL0f9JH30sVhBBBhCl3eynsHx0hceGaOMwzQdeLVU3s5OHX0JfPbYjWny1sIOcJRslWMDz1ruOW82ryMboBywkwLOvm18vAhOI-H4rvQRK35bmGL9b_idZ-MzMiE6TzBPYbvuD-DhFnHxb3dUOFQ3rnyQ23U=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">61<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gh\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n\/l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 FTP\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQEAjSYYCfQWRkhMjWuPL0f9JH30sVhBBBhCl3eynsHx0hceGaOMwzQdeLVU3s5OHX0JfPbYjWny1sIOcJRslWMDz1ruOW82ryMboBywkwLOvm18vAhOI-H4rvQRK35bmGL9b_idZ-MzMiE6TzBPYbvuD-DhFnHxb3dUOFQ3rnyQ23U=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">61<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.5. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o DPF<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng diesel, vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o DPF hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng che ph\u1ee7 mu\u1ed9i than.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>T\u00e1i sinh th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 oxy h\u00f3a b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng, cho ph\u00e9p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF_9hDgD1BLjSbhe1v-1vTol9eYwyA7bwt4g3WlZgibmp0KqqxvWeTMxGdv4XlJExptG0zKToVr3biHljfwmKGsC0qrM3C0NSCxjOtEQj47_0hJyFD4_AUDKl6u1AsLj2GJjQcpAIDBqz8SdU6NWOWW9F3jeDlvRBpL7xV0oolCXiUFUvMNT1I6S0tHtcw=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">42<\/a>. T\u00e1i sinh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 NO2, trong \u0111\u00f3 NO \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxy h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh NO2, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00ec NO2 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t oxy h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi carbon so v\u1edbi oxy.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQE8ZvMGj7DKBrvIqj2ez8ulAjXVOzR1vSilao0zSXxkPPMCEtiNOcWjQ9_py8glwyICRLiDwQRIiLIappY-a2mP1eQL1LI1vlsS7BCxP9NH6fQTM2sjXrmC1HiIytgWuCrUiUc=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">43<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>\u00a0Bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u00f4ng qua phun nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y mu\u1ed9i than t\u00edch t\u1ee5\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF_9hDgD1BLjSbhe1v-1vTol9eYwyA7bwt4g3WlZgibmp0KqqxvWeTMxGdv4XlJExptG0zKToVr3biHljfwmKGsC0qrM3C0NSCxjOtEQj47_0hJyFD4_AUDKl6u1AsLj2GJjQcpAIDBqz8SdU6NWOWW9F3jeDlvRBpL7xV0oolCXiUFUvMNT1I6S0tHtcw=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">42<\/a>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c n\u1ebfu DPF b\u1ecb t\u1eafc qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQF_9hDgD1BLjSbhe1v-1vTol9eYwyA7bwt4g3WlZgibmp0KqqxvWeTMxGdv4XlJExptG0zKToVr3biHljfwmKGsC0qrM3C0NSCxjOtEQj47_0hJyFD4_AUDKl6u1AsLj2GJjQcpAIDBqz8SdU6NWOWW9F3jeDlvRBpL7xV0oolCXiUFUvMNT1I6S0tHtcw=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">42<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn SCR:<\/strong>\u00a0Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o DPF c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i NOx trong \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd sau SCR\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQE8ZvMGj7DKBrvIqj2ez8ulAjXVOzR1vSilao0zSXxkPPMCEtiNOcWjQ9_py8glwyICRLiDwQRIiLIappY-a2mP1eQL1LI1vlsS7BCxP9NH6fQTM2sjXrmC1HiIytgWuCrUiUc=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">43<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9.6. H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 suy \u0111o\u00e1n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i (Suy \u0111o\u00e1n):<\/strong>\u00a0M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ban \u0111\u1ea7u, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00fac t\u00e1c t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng do nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c thi\u00eau k\u1ebft v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng to l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 AI\/ML cho b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n (\u0110o\u00e1n gi\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e1n non):<\/strong>\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 tinh vi h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c theo th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao. C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i, cho ph\u00e9p can thi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng thay v\u00ec thay th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a chu k\u1ef3 t\u00e1i sinh cho DPF v\u00e0 SCR.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch c\u1ee7a nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u sinh h\u1ecdc:<\/strong>\u00a0Khi nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u sinh h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u1edbi (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: silic t\u1eeb etanol t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQG2p1AAOueDNkKxpMeGO1NI8HXF9LcRlgmyX7TvV3YD0Oz2dZTCH9hmlFBL7JN9t4JSwDQYpkH7-nZkK2os7T8WfooLvK_ksDe2_DXSaRy2Wxm4mC-M-pHcWuyO47NJHuMXgfOA1RWL6_mutVo-tz7pZIUN7jW6DFRO8UT7CDQcX8KbpuwY-_avaMSEyg==\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng:<\/strong>\u00a0N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00fac t\u00e1c phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vertexaisearch.cloud.google.com\/grounding-api-redirect\/AUZIYQHM8Ee-qKRSixOrtgTYLaO-TwETShtCfic0Sm85J0tG_AEjsIWXs35bRKsINwxfg22MkRWifFdHEUV0dwNQWfU5PYfgMna3mwY5hLOWHTIaq1uQye2C2qEdt6wK9iUEwiWP2N9Z9mQuAtkLEUIkyrgH1SBwlo7SqL5yOTj06S4UiZhV\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">60<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The average catalyst life has already increased significantly from 2-3 years to 5-6 years due to advancements in catalyst preparation [L.5.12], highlighting the continuous progress in this field.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p gi\u1eefa th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c. Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a nhi\u1ec7t (thi\u00eau k\u1ebft) v\u00e0 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u1eadt l\u00fd (che ph\u1ee7, x\u00f3i m\u00f2n, \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c. M\u1ed7i c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, ph\u1ed1t pho, ch\u00ec, k\u1ebdm v\u00e0 silic v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u washcoat l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00eau k\u1ebft kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd th\u00f4ng qua v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i-h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t. S\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd, do c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc g\u00e2y ra, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 r\u1eeda, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00f4ng minh \u0111ang kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ranh gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c. T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn mang t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed3ng, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd sau tinh vi, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00edch h\u1ee3p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n do AI \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong l\u00e0nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 b\u1ed3 h\u00f3ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, g\u00e2y m\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3363,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowgdPcCw:productID":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[98],"tags":[471,468,481,474,106,476,469,478,479,480,475,470,473,477,472,27,463,397],"class_list":["post-3360","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-guide","tag-catalyst-deactivation","tag-catalyst-degradation","tag-catalyst-failure","tag-catalyst-poisoning","tag-catalytic-converter","tag-engine-misfire","tag-exhaust-gas","tag-lead-poisoning","tag-light-off-temperature","tag-noble-metals","tag-phosphorus-poisoning","tag-sintering","tag-soot-masking","tag-sulfur-poisoning","tag-thermal-degradation","tag-three-way-catalyst","tag-twc","tag-washcoat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3360","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3360"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3360\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3363"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3360"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3360"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3360"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}