{"id":6466,"date":"2026-03-10T23:48:38","date_gmt":"2026-03-11T07:48:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/?p=6466"},"modified":"2026-03-10T23:48:41","modified_gmt":"2026-03-11T07:48:41","slug":"three-way-catalytic-converter-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/three-way-catalytic-converter-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"7 b\u00ed m\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd: B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u0103ng th\u1ea3i ra kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) v\u00e0 oxit nit\u01a1 (NOx). Nh\u1eefng kh\u00ed n\u00e0y g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. Ch\u00fang g\u00e2y ra kh\u00f3i b\u1ee5i, m\u01b0a axit v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3.\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi trung h\u00f2a ba ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: Kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra carbon dioxide v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 nhanh t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00ed carbon monoxide (CO) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9i v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9c. N\u00f3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u00e1u v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n oxy. Hydrocarbon (HC) l\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c ch\u00e1y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n. Ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra ozone \u1edf t\u1ea7ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Oxit nit\u01a1 (NOx) g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n g\u00e2y ra m\u01b0a axit v\u00e0 k\u00edch \u1ee9ng ph\u1ed5i. Ba ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u201cba m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u00f4 t\u00f4.\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0N\u00f3 nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh nit\u01a1, n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 carbon dioxide v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. CO l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng trong kh\u00f4ng gian k\u00edn. HC v\u00e0 NOx k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh kh\u00f3i quang h\u00f3a. Kh\u00f3i n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p m\u00e3n t\u00ednh \u1edf d\u00e2n c\u01b0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, NOx l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a axit nitric, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u01b0a axit. M\u01b0a axit g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho r\u1eebng, l\u00e0m r\u1eeda tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m axit h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 su\u1ed1i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n...\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a><\/strong>Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed8T\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe ch\u1ea1y x\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong. B\u00ean trong, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m ho\u1eb7c kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ong b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m cordierite. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ong ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n k\u00eanh nh\u1ecf song song. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u201cl\u1edbp ph\u1ee7\u201d l\u00ean ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u1ed1p, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb oxit nh\u00f4m. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00fac t\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd. Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ea1ch kim (Pt), paladi (Pd) v\u00e0 rhodium (Rh). C\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eau hao. Ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u201cv\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ef1c cao. L\u1edbp n\u1ec1n cordierite ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 800\u00b0C ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i gi\u00e2y. L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1m d\u00ednh ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh g\u1ed1m. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 bong tr\u00f3c n\u00e0o c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 "th\u1ea5m t\u1ea9m". \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Pt, Pd v\u00e0 Rh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i [\u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 web].\u00a0C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Corning<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: Kh\u1eed v\u00e0 oxy h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cba chi\u1ec1u\u201d \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ba lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd. N\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hai lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t: kh\u1eed v\u00e0 oxy h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u1eed oxit nit\u01a1 (NOx)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c oxit nit\u01a1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nit\u01a1 v\u00e0 oxy. Rhodium \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c kh\u1eed ch\u00ednh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a><\/strong>Khi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed NOx va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t rhodium, kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd h\u00fat c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxy ra. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa nit\u01a1 v\u00e0 oxy. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxy t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u00e1m tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nit\u01a1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed nit\u01a1 (N2) \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Kh\u00ed nit\u01a1 chi\u1ebfm 78% kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. N\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap "gi\u1ea3m" ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a cacbon monoxit (CO) v\u00e0 hi\u0111rocacbon (HC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Hai ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n oxy \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i. Carbon monoxide l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c. Hydrocarbon v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft. Platinum v\u00e0 palladium x\u00fac t\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a c\u00e1c kh\u00ed n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed NOx. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxy d\u01b0 th\u1eeba n\u00e0o trong d\u00f2ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c th\u00eam oxy v\u00e0o carbon monoxide (CO) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra carbon dioxide (CO2). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 CO2 l\u00e0 kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 CO. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hydrocarbon (HC), ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c th\u00eam oxy \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh carbon dioxide v\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc (H2O). C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nhanh. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0N\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a h\u01a1n 95% c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed8T\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 "h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc". \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u0103ng, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 14,7 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed so v\u1edbi 1 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u1ebfu h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p qu\u00e1 "ngh\u00e8o" (qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed), kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9a l\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxy d\u01b0 th\u1eeba. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m NOx. N\u1ebfu h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p qu\u00e1 "gi\u00e0u" (qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u), kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i s\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu oxy. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m NOx nh\u01b0ng CO v\u00e0 HC l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd. Xe hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng B\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (ECU) \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. ECU gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn oxy tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c. N\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh vi\u1ec7c phun nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i ph\u00fat. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong "kho\u1ea3ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ECU l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i "v\u00f2ng k\u00edn". C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn oxy tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c cung c\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ECU \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng xung quanh \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. S\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ea3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed oxy h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd n\u00e0y,\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy v\u00e0 ceria-zirconia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u dao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e1i xe. T\u0103ng t\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c phanh g\u1ea5p l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i. \u0110\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 (FCR) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00eam ceria (oxit xeri) ho\u1eb7c ceria-zirconia v\u00e0o l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ceria c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy khi kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ngh\u00e8o nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. Sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng oxy \u0111\u00f3 khi kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i gi\u00e0u nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap "\u0111\u1ec7m" m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 oxy \u0111\u1ec3 oxy h\u00f3a CO v\u00e0 HC, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed rhodium lu\u00f4n s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eed NOx. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ceria-zirconia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. Ch\u00fang duy tr\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ngay c\u1ea3 sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung zirconia gi\u00fap \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 ceria. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng "k\u1ebft d\u00ednh", trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u00f3n c\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ong b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u1eefa kh\u00ed v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e2n b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u00fac t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c v\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ong c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 m\u1ecfng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m "\u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c" l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c cao l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 400 \u0111\u1ebfn 600 \u00f4 tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i inch vu\u00f4ng (CPSI). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m so v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ecfng h\u01a1n, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 "kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng" nhanh h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c xe s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ed1m cordierite do t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"B\u1ed9<\/a>
B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c g\u1ed1m v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1i n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd trong TWC<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Kim lo\u1ea1i<\/th>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh<\/th>Ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/th>Vai tr\u00f2 trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Rhodium (Rh)<\/strong><\/td>S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt<\/td>NOx (Ox\u00edt nit\u01a1)<\/td>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf oxy \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh N2<\/td><\/tr>
Paladi (Pd)<\/strong><\/td>S\u1ef1 oxy h\u00f3a<\/td>CO v\u00e0 HC<\/td>Th\u00eam oxy \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh CO2 v\u00e0 H2O<\/td><\/tr>
B\u1ea1ch kim (Pt)<\/strong><\/td>S\u1ef1 oxy h\u00f3a<\/td>CO v\u00e0 HC<\/td>Th\u00eam oxy \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh CO2 v\u00e0 H2O<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"B\u00ean<\/a>
B\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u00f3 g\u00ec? (Ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng & Kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn Lambda v\u00e0 logic ECU<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. N\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn lambda, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn oxy. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn. C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u1eb1m tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u00f3 b\u00e1o cho ECU bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 gi\u00e0u nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u hay qu\u00e1 ngh\u00e8o nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ECU s\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai n\u1eb1m sau b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u00f3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 oxy sau b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i dao \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111ang b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng. Khi \u0111\u00f3, ECU s\u1ebd k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e8n b\u00e1o "Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1". H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn k\u00e9p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng duy tr\u00ec hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a xe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ECU r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u201ch\u1ecdc th\u00edch \u1ee9ng\u201d. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 l\u00e3o h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u201cch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u00ean xe\u201d (OBD). C\u00e1c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00e0y ki\u1ec3m tra r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn. M\u1ed9t r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i nh\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn oxy. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1.\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed9i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khi ngu\u1ed9i. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 "kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng" th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 250\u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn 300\u00b0C. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u1ea3y ra trong v\u00e0i ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi l\u00e1i xe. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n "kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed9i".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf "gh\u00e9p s\u00e1t". M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 gia nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 n\u00f3ng (tr\u00ean 800\u00b0C), c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb "k\u1ebft d\u00ednh". S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft d\u00ednh l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed9i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i ng\u1eafn. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng "b\u1eaby hydrocarbon". C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 HC trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed9i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng HC khi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ee7 cao \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00fang. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf TWC<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong 30 n\u0103m qua. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i "hai chi\u1ec1u". Ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 x\u1eed l\u00fd CO v\u00e0 HC. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a...\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 Euro 6 v\u00e0 China 6 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u (TWC). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bao g\u1ed3m b\u1eaby NOx ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc h\u1ea1t. TWC v\u1eabn l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 xe. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, Rhodium l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean cung v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng n\u1ea1n tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c. K\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y v\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111ang ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f3 th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00edt rhodium h\u01a1n th\u00f4ng qua k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c: Nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c, V\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a v\u00e0 B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a><\/strong>\u201cNhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c\u201d l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t bao ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. Ch\u00ec t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng x\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh trong nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. N\u00f3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ph\u1ed1t pho t\u1eeb d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea7u, ph\u1ed1t pho s\u1ebd ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c. H\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t r\u1ee7i ro. M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ee9t l\u1edbp n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m. S\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec7t do l\u00e1i xe qua v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn l\u1edbp g\u1ed1m b\u1ecb v\u1ee1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong><\/a>Thay d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 ph\u1ed1t pho. Kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ecf l\u1eeda c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecf l\u1eeda khi\u1ebfn nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft \u0111i v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3. Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ch\u00e1y b\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c, g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c cao l\u00e0m ch\u1ea3y ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e8n "Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1" nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y, h\u00e3y d\u1eebng xe ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecf l\u1eeda nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c trong v\u00e0i gi\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/th>K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/th>Kh\u00ed t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh<\/th>T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Carbon Monoxide<\/td>CO<\/td>Kh\u00ed cacbonic \u0111ioxit (CO2)<\/td>Kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh (\u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n)<\/td><\/tr>
Hi\u0111rocacbon<\/td>HC<\/td>N\u01b0\u1edbc (H2O) + CO2<\/td>H\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 CO2 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i<\/td><\/tr>
Oxit nit\u01a1<\/td>NOx<\/td>Nit\u01a1 (N2)<\/td>Kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c\u00a0b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, rung \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng rhodium, platinum v\u00e0 palladium, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. N\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng minh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed9i, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u0103ng c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u (TWC) s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o gi\u1eefa h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 kh\u00ed. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y m\u1ed7i khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng xe.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i CO, HC v\u00e0 NOx \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6467,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowgdPcCw:productID":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[98],"tags":[1717,1375,1716,99],"class_list":["post-6466","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-guide","tag-oxygen-sensor-replacement","tag-p0420-error-code","tag-p0430-code","tag-three-way-catalytic-converter-2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6466","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6466"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6466\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6467"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6466"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6466"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6466"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}