{"id":6479,"date":"2026-03-17T19:49:42","date_gmt":"2026-03-18T03:49:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/?p=6479"},"modified":"2026-03-17T19:49:45","modified_gmt":"2026-03-18T03:49:45","slug":"three-way-catalytic-converter-metals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/three-way-catalytic-converter-metals\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u: 3 kim lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o... b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a>Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong hi\u1ec7n nay. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng: trung h\u00f2a c\u00e1c kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c. b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a> Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0o ba ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ch\u00ednh: carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y (HC) v\u00e0 oxit nit\u01a1 (NOx). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 hi\u1ebfm. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim (PGM). B\u1ea1ch kim, paladi v\u00e0 rhodium \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eau hao. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u vai tr\u00f2 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 sau m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c nguy hi\u1ec3m \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed S\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u0103m 1970 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb "hai chi\u1ec1u". Ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 oxy h\u00f3a carbon monoxide v\u00e0 hydrocarbon. Ch\u00fang b\u1ecf qua oxit nit\u01a1. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a> Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng rhodium \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd NOx, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01a1n 90% kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"L\u1ecbch
L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u2014 S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ba chi\u1ec1u<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau. \u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n "Euro". Euro 1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra... b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u <\/a>B\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c xe ch\u1ea1y x\u0103ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Euro 6. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. N\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, EPA (C\u01a1 quan B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng) \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Tier 1, Tier 2 v\u00e0 Tier 3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean. M\u1ed7i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u <\/a>Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a xe. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 150.000 d\u1eb7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Hi\u1ec3u<\/a>
Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n Kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed8T b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c cao v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u1edbp v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 cao c\u1ea5p. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9 v\u00e0 h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd. N\u00f3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong d\u1ec5 v\u1ee1 kh\u1ecfi m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n g\u1ed1m<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u00ean trong l\u1edbp v\u1ecf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i g\u1ed1m nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cordierite cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y. Cordierite l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i magie nh\u00f4m silicat. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n b\u1ecb n\u1ee9t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ec1n c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5 ong. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n k\u00eanh nh\u1ecf. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c. "M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i inch vu\u00f4ng (CPSI). H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c xe hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb 400 \u0111\u1ebfn 600 CPSI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1edbp \u00e1o kho\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u1ed1p. N\u00f3 bao ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u00eanh d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5 ong. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m oxit nh\u00f4m (Al2O3). L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u00f4 r\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 ceria (CeO2) v\u00e0 zirconia (ZrO2). C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy. Ch\u00fang gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng oxy khi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 "gi\u00e0u nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u" (qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u). Ch\u00fang h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 oxy khi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 "ngh\u00e8o nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u" (qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed). Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy (OSC) n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi... b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea3i kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u1edbp cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim (PGM). B\u1ea1ch kim, paladi v\u00e0 rhodium \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n kh\u1eafp l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7. Ch\u00fang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t si\u00eau nh\u1ecf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u1edbi lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef "l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kim lo\u1ea1i" \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kim lo\u1ea1i. Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng gam tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i foot kh\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"B\u00ean<\/a>
B\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u00f3 g\u00ec? (Ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng & Kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd)<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u1eed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a> Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hai lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh: kh\u1eed v\u00e0 oxy h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u1eed oxit nit\u01a1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Rhodium th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed. Oxit nit\u01a1 (NOx) l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3i b\u1ee5i. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra m\u01b0a axit. Rhodium t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed NOx. N\u00f3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa nit\u01a1 v\u00e0 oxy. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxy v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nit\u01a1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed N2. N2 chi\u1ebfm 78% kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. N\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t khi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m "t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a cacbon monoxit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea1ch kim v\u00e0 paladi \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a. Carbon monoxide (CO) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9i. Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed. N\u00f3 g\u1eafn c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u00e0y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed CO. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra carbon dioxide (CO2). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 CO2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 CO. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a hydrocarbon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Hydrocarbon (HC) ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Ch\u00fang g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u1ea7ng ozone \u1edf m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Platinum v\u00e0 palladium c\u0169ng oxy h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 chu\u1ed7i HC. Ch\u00fang k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p carbon v\u1edbi oxy \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh CO2. Ch\u00fang k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hydro v\u1edbi oxy \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc (H2O). Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n "T\u1ed5ng Hydrocarbon" (THC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea1ch kim (Pt): Ch\u1ea5t oxy h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea1ch kim c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi trong ng\u00e0nh trang s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a>N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Diesel<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 diesel ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u0103ng. Ch\u00fang lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxy d\u01b0 th\u1eeba. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Platinum l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi palladium. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 "kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng" n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c sau khi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea1ch kim c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u201cnhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c\u201d h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t cao. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh trong nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea3i n\u1eb7ng. Trong \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u0103ng, n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng song song v\u1edbi palladium \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u201cb\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u\u201d cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 phun x\u0103ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (GDI).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Palladium (Pd): Chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Palladium \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4. Hi\u1ec7n nay, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c oxy h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 900 \u0111\u1ed9 C. Palladium c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng "k\u1ebft d\u00ednh". K\u1ebft d\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf tan ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 k\u1ebft d\u00ednh l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Palladium v\u1eabn ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n m\u1ecbn ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Palladium c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n platinum \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i hydrocarbon nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, palladium r\u1ebb h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi platinum. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhu c\u1ea7u cao hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 palladium c\u1ea1nh tranh r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi platinum. Ng\u00e0y nay, palladium l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rhodium (Rh): Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c kh\u1eed thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Rhodium l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfm nh\u1ea5t trong ba kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng "ba chi\u1ec1u". N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 rhodium, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i NOx.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Rhodium c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed NOx. C\u1ea3 b\u1ea1ch kim v\u00e0 paladi \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n NOx hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00ec hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n do t\u00ednh khan hi\u1ebfm c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ed9 hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Rhodium l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khai th\u00e1c b\u1ea1ch kim v\u00e0 niken. S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 30 t\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. S\u1ef1 khan hi\u1ebfm n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Rhodium th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eaft g\u1ea5p 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 l\u1ea7n v\u00e0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ee3p kim. b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a>\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 "n\u00fat th\u1eaft c\u1ed5 chai" trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"C\u00f3<\/a>
C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau Rhodium trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c?<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a PGM<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa ba kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Property<\/th>B\u1ea1ch kim (Pt)<\/th>Paladi (Pd)<\/th>Rhodium (Rh)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td>S\u1ef1 oxy h\u00f3a<\/td>S\u1ef1 oxy h\u00f3a<\/td>S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt<\/td><\/tr>
Ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/strong><\/td>CO, HC<\/td>CO, HC<\/td>NOx<\/td><\/tr>
\u0110\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t<\/strong><\/td>V\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i<\/td>Very High<\/td>Cao<\/td><\/tr>
Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed9c<\/strong><\/td>Cao<\/td>V\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i<\/td>Cao<\/td><\/tr>
\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 chung<\/strong><\/td>D\u1ea7u diesel \/ X\u0103ng<\/td>X\u0103ng<\/td>X\u0103ng (TWC)<\/td><\/tr>
\u0110\u1ed9 hi\u1ebfm t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/strong><\/td>Cao<\/td>Cao<\/td>C\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 cao<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a... b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u <\/a>bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u (Lambda)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a> \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201ct\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o gi\u1eefa nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u0103ng, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 14,7 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed so v\u1edbi 1 ph\u1ea7n nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. Xe h\u01a1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn oxy \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 gi\u00e0u nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 oxy cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 ngh\u00e8o nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u oxy cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eed. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cC\u1eeda s\u1ed5 Lambda\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khi c\u00f2n ngu\u1ed9i. Ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 "k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t". Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 250 \u0111\u1ebfn 300 \u0111\u1ed9 C. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng ch\u00fang nhanh ch\u00f3ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 xe hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 s\u01b0\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec7n cho b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xe hybrid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng gian<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ch\u1ea3y qua b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu d\u00f2ng kh\u00ed qu\u00e1 nhanh, c\u00e1c kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc... b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a> D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean dung t\u00edch xi lanh. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea7n b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim (PGMs)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Chi ph\u00ed cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim (PGM) \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng \u00f4 t\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim (PGM) bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf Nam Phi v\u00e0 Nga. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, gi\u00e1 palladium \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m do lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n cung. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 kh\u00f3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn chi ph\u00ed xe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m \u0111\u00f4 la v\u00e0o gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i xe h\u1ea1ng sang ho\u1eb7c xe t\u1ea3i l\u1edbn, chi ph\u00ed n\u00e0y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u201cti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m\u201d ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim (PGM) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. H\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ee7 l\u1edbp ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a t\u1eebng microgam kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao c\u1ee7a rhodium v\u00e0 palladium \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ea1n tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. K\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1o r\u1eddi b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i trong ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat. Ch\u00fang b\u00e1n ch\u00fang cho c\u00e1c b\u00e3i ph\u1ebf li\u1ec7u v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y kim lo\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 xe ph\u1ea3i l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u00ean xe c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim (PGM) r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c l\u00f2 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0169 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t "m\u1ecf th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p". C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf thu gom h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. H\u1ecd th\u00e1o d\u1ee1 l\u1edbp g\u1ed1m t\u1ed5 ong v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9t. H\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch kim lo\u1ea1i. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. N\u00f3 thu h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 95% b\u1ea1ch kim, paladi v\u00e0 rhodium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim (PGM) m\u1edbi v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i gam kim lo\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf m\u1edbi. N\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00f4 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n. D\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n carbon c\u1ee7a PGM t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 90% so v\u1edbi PGM khai th\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf PGM<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u sau \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p PGM trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u00f4 t\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kim lo\u1ea1i<\/th>Nhu c\u1ea7u \u00f4 t\u00f4 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m (t\u1ea5n)<\/th>% T\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
B\u1ea1ch kim<\/strong><\/td>~95<\/td>30%<\/td><\/tr>
Paladi<\/strong><\/td>~310<\/td>35%<\/td><\/tr>
Rhodium<\/strong><\/td>~32<\/td>40%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Khi lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n, b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u <\/a>\u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed9i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t sinh trong 60 gi\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ngu\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c "g\u1eafn s\u00e1t". Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3. Ch\u00fang n\u00f3ng l\u00ean g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng "b\u1eaby hydrocarbon". C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 HC khi ngu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ch\u00fang khi ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c n\u00f3ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh trong nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a... b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a>N\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim (PGM). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u "c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p". \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i khi l\u00e1i xe th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (RDE)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n nay th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m xe tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi... b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a> Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m gia t\u1ed1c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai: Lai h\u00f3a v\u00e0 Hydro<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim (PGM).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xe lai<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Xe hybrid v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y th\u00eam \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1t trong. b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a>\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1eaft v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1ecb ngu\u1ed9i \u0111i. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c xe hybrid th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng PGM cao h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pin nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u hydro<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Xe ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u hydro (FCEV) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n b\u1ea1ch kim. Pin nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea1ch kim \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hydro v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1ch kim s\u1ebd v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kim lo\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng trong ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4 ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xe \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng pin (BEV)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (BEV) kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim (PGM) cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea9y. Khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n sang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim (PGM) c\u0169ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean. b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u <\/a>L\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. H\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u xe s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong s\u1ebd v\u1eabn l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u: Ch\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 x\u00fac t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t mang. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c "Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy" (OSC). Ceria (CeO2) l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa Ce4+ v\u00e0 Ce3+. Khi kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ngh\u00e8o oxy, n\u00f3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef oxy. Khi kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i gi\u00e0u oxy, n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng oxy. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc b\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u. Zirconia (ZrO2) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o ceria \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ceria m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn oxy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed8T b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a> H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t "c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn Lambda". C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c. N\u00f3 \u0111o m\u1ee9c oxy trong kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i. N\u00f3 g\u1eedi t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. M\u00e1y t\u00ednh sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng phun nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1eef cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong "kho\u1ea3ng Lambda" h\u1eb9p. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 xe c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai sau b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c. C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u oxy, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111ang b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh: S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt gi\u00e1 Rhodium<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m 2021, gi\u00e1 rhodium \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c 30.000 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9\/ounce. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c cao k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c \u1edf Nam Phi b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n do \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch. Th\u1ee9 hai, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u201cTrung Qu\u1ed1c 6\u201d. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng rhodium cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u trong m\u1ed7i ounce. b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a>S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i ngu\u1ed3n cung h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 th\u00eam h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la chi ph\u00ed. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m b\u1ea1ch kim (PGM).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u<\/a> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh phi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1ch kim, paladi v\u00e0 rhodium. Nh\u1eefng kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. B\u1ea1ch kim v\u00e0 paladi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxy h\u00f3a carbon monoxide v\u00e0 hydrocarbon. Rhodium cho ph\u00e9p kh\u1eed oxit nit\u01a1. C\u00f9ng nhau, ch\u00fang l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1t trong. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chi ph\u00ed kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y cao, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1. T\u00e1i ch\u1ebf cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm n\u00e0y. Khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u00f4 t\u00f4 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u <\/a>\u0110\u00e2y s\u1ebd v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u vai tr\u00f2 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1ch kim, paladi v\u00e0 rhodium trong b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00fac t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i, t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6480,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"googlesitekit_rrm_CAowgdPcCw:productID":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[98],"tags":[1729,34,459,101,1727,108,460,113,99,1728],"class_list":["post-6479","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-guide","tag-catalyst-2","tag-emission-control","tag-oxidation","tag-palladium","tag-pgm","tag-platinum","tag-reduction","tag-rhodium","tag-three-way-catalytic-converter-2","tag-vehicle-recycling"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6479","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6479"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6479\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6481,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6479\/revisions\/6481"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6480"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6479"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6479"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/3waycatalyst.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6479"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}